J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls :: English Literature

Dear Mr. Anthony HopkinsThank you for judge the role of the inspector in my production ofJ B Priestleys play An inspector c eachs.The play is set in the early 1912 before the first gear World War in a timewhen in that location was a relative period of economic and social stability. Theplay is set in a fictous North Midlands industrial city of Brumley.The play is about a family, the birls who are celebrating theirdaughters engagement to a teenaged man called Gerald Croft whose familyalso birth a business or factory similar to that of the Birling familybusiness. Gerald Croft and all the members in the Birling family whichinclude Arthur and Sybil Birling (the parents), Eric Birling (theirson) and their daughter Sheila Birling who is move with GeraldCroft are all sat round at the their eat table having a dinnercompany to celebrate the fact that Sheila and Gerald are both engaged. unsloped after Mr.Birling has completed his pompous speech, there dinnerparty is interrupted by the a rrival of examiner Goole, who announcesthat he is making enquiries about a young woman called Eva metalworker whohas committed suicide by swallowing disinfectant. The Inspector firstshows Mr Birling a picture of Eva Smith that Mr Birling recognisesstraight away because Eva Smith use to work in Mr.Birlings factory, besides was ravaged because she was one of the ringleaders of a strike thatwas demanding a pay rise. Mr Birling tries to talk the Inspector in toleaving them alone by making threats to him and trying to run himwith his high social status. The Inspector is still determined tointerrogate all of them hinting to them that they are all connected toEva Smiths death. He talks to Sheila conterminous telling her that Eva Smithuse to work at a big well know shop called Millward but lost her jobdue to a complaint that was made by a jealous and petty-mindedcustomer, that customer was Sheila who now feels very nefarious about EvaSmiths death. We now also harness that Gerald was al so involved with EvaSmith, who at that time went by the name Daisy Renton. Gerald had hadan affair with Daisy Renton (alias Eva Smith) the previous pass shewas his mistress until it no more suited him. Sheila admires Geraldfor his honesty but doesnt seem to keen on continuing herrelationship with Gerald, Gerald d leaves the house to go for a walk.Mrs Birling is then also found to be responsible for Eva Smiths deathsince Mrs. Birling refused to help Eva Smith through the Brumley J.B.Priestleys play, An Inspector Calls English LiteratureDear Mr. Anthony HopkinsThank you for accepting the role of the inspector in my production ofJ B Priestleys play An inspector calls.The play is set in the early 1912 before the First World War in a timewhen there was a relative period of economic and social stability. Theplay is set in a fictous North Midlands industrial city of Brumley.The play is about a family, the Birlings who are celebrating theirdaughters engagement to a young man called Ger ald Croft whose familyalso own a business or factory similar to that of the Birling familybusiness. Gerald Croft and all the members in the Birling family whichinclude Arthur and Sybil Birling (the parents), Eric Birling (theirson) and their daughter Sheila Birling who is engaged with GeraldCroft are all sat round at the their dining table having a dinnerparty to celebrate the fact that Sheila and Gerald are both engaged.Just after Mr.Birling has completed his pompous speech, there dinnerparty is interrupted by the arrival of Inspector Goole, who announcesthat he is making enquiries about a young woman called Eva Smith whohas committed suicide by swallowing disinfectant. The Inspector firstshows Mr Birling a picture of Eva Smith that Mr Birling recognisesstraight away because Eva Smith use to work in Mr.Birlings factory,but was sacked because she was one of the ringleaders of a strike thatwas demanding a pay rise. Mr Birling tries to talk the Inspector in toleaving them alone by mak ing threats to him and trying to impress himwith his high social status. The Inspector is still determined tointerrogate all of them hinting to them that they are all connected toEva Smiths death. He talks to Sheila next telling her that Eva Smithuse to work at a big well known shop called Millward but lost her jobdue to a complaint that was made by a jealous and petty-mindedcustomer, that customer was Sheila who now feels very guilty about EvaSmiths death. We now also find that Gerald was also involved with EvaSmith, who at that time went by the name Daisy Renton. Gerald had hadan affair with Daisy Renton (alias Eva Smith) the previous summer shewas his mistress until it no more suited him. Sheila admires Geraldfor his honesty but doesnt seem to keen on continuing herrelationship with Gerald, Gerald d leaves the house to go for a walk.Mrs Birling is then also found to be responsible for Eva Smiths deathsince Mrs. Birling refused to help Eva Smith through the Brumley

A Separate Peace :: essays research papers

Sitting in my third grade classroom we chattered anxiously, waiting for the spelling quizzes to be passed back. My teacher placed them all facing go through on our desks, a rather pointless effort when she was already aware that at any moment the room would burst into havoc with yells of "what did you get?", shouting numbers back and forth, and of course superior comments from the students proud of their marks. I quickly flipped mine over and grinned at the 8/10 scrawled in red fall guy near the top of the page. "What did you get?" sure enough my friend Jenny thrust me her paper. As I stared down at her 100% sitting asunder a bright yellow smiley sticker I felt a familiar twinge of jealousy. From that day on I had a secret finis to achieve higher marks than my friend. I can not remember when this rivalry ended, but I do know that it is normal behavior.Each individual feels rivalry or competition to other humans, for the majority of their lifetime. This rivalry greatly affects our ability to actualize others, and this eventually results in war, discrimination, and enmity. Children are definitely culprits for acting unkind to each other with teasing, competition, and often hurtful remarks. Although this is the way children often act, it is in the teenage years realization, along with careful thought and consideration, brings each individual to understand wider prospects of human nature that people coldly drive ahead for themselves alone. Mans inhumanity1 to man is a way for people to protect themselves from having pain inflicted on them by fellow humans, and achieving their goals and desires free from interference of others. The concept of mans inhumanity to man is developed in John Knowles novel, A Separate Peace. The unproblematic conflict in this novel centers on the main character, Gene, and his battling of jealousy, paranoia, and inability to understand his relationship with his best friend Phineas. Yet the larger battle of mans inh umanity to man is portrayed by the backdrop of World War II. Gene Forrester is an average, studious, young man attending Devon school in New Hampshire during the warrant World War. His roommate at Devon, Phineas (otherwise known as Finny) sends Gene on an unexpected journey of self discovery. Finny represents man in his innocence, a kind of edenic2 Adam. He is very athletic, honest and trusting.

Inside The League by Scott Anderson, and Jon Lee Anderson :: Inside The League Scott Anderson

Inside The League by Scott Anderson, and Jon Lee Anderson   For over ten years progressive researchers in this country and in europium have been uncovering evidence linking certain American conservatives and rightists to racist and fascist movements around the globe through a shadowy organization c completelyed the World Anti-Communist League. straightway the book "Inside the League" exposes the hidden nature of the League and documents in devastating detail a parade of League-affiliated authoritarian ideologues marching from the death camps of Nazi Germany into the parlors of Reagans White House. The idea for the book came when Jon Lee Anderson was researching a series of columns on Latin American death squads for Jack Anderson, (Jon Lees employer but not his relative). Enlisting the assist of his brother Scott, the two first began tracing the connections between the death squads but soon were unravelling networks and alliances that involved terroris ts, Nazi collaborators, racists, assassins, anti-Jewish bigots, and right- wing anti-communist American politicians. The one factor all had in common was their involvement with the World Anti-Communist League.   The Latin American death squads, for instance, were found to be linked through an umbrella group of Central and entropy American rightists called the Latin American Anti-Communist Confederation (CAL). CAL in turn was affiliated with the World Anti-Communist League (WACL), lead by a retired U.S. Major General, John Singlaub. Singlaub boasts WACL is the set up body for raising private aid for the Contras, a task support ed explicitly by the Reagan White House which has sent government officials and burning letters of support to WACL meetings in recent years.   WACL also serves as an umbrella for several Eastern European emigre groups founded and lead by Nazi collaborators, and in that respect is far more. As the Anderson brothers write   &qu otWe have examined the World Anti-Communist League...because it is the one organization in which representatives of virtually every right-wing extremist movement that has practiced wrong warfare are to be found. The League is the one constant in this netherworld whether looking at Croation terrorists, Norwegian neo-Nazis, Japanese war criminals, or American ultra-rightists...." (p. x, Authors Note).   WACL is more than a club for aging facists and their modern- day

How To Clean The Bathroom Essay -- essays research papers

The first thing you expect to do is gather all the supplies you will need. There are many different looseers in which you will be using. These cleaners are glass cleaner, surface cleaners, soft scrub, and ammonia. You will not only need cleaners but also implements to clean with. These are a mop and bucket, broom, cobweb brush, canful brush, rags, a sponge, a squeegee and a step latter. Last but not least, you will need a cleaning carrier to put your supplies in to make it easier to move them around . In you carrier should be all the cleaners except the ammonia, the toilet brush, sponge, a squeegee and a few rags. Now that you have the cleaners in carrier you are ready to get started.Start by useing a web-brush to get down any cobwebs that many be in the corners of the ceiling. Fill the sink with hot water and let any soap dishes or toothbrush holder soak. Now get the bottle of glass cleaner, sponge, squeegee, a glass rag, and a terry cloth cloth rag and get into the shower. Beg in by sprayer down the tile and use the ruff side of the sponge to loosen any soap scum or build up. Using a terry cloth rag and wipe the tile clean. Now spray down the glass and again use the sponge to loosen any build up. theatrical role the squeegee to take off the majority of the cleaner off and a glass rag to wipe any marks left. Make sure to cypher at the glass from all directions to be sure you didnt leave any marks. Polish the shower head and knobs so they shine. Now scrub point well and wipe dry as you get out...

Essay example --

Folkers 1 Amanda FolkersOctober 25, 2013Mr. SpencerEconomics 1Period 3Price Floor, Price ceilings, and inflation Folkers 2The Price floors, Price ceilings, and the inflation of the brass funds are increasing. The definition of footing floors, are prices even just below the point to which it is illegal to buy or sell goods. They cant go lower than 7.25/ hr or they are breaking a federal law, this is to protect the producer. A price floor can be organize below/ above the market equilibrium price. If the free market price is set higher than the equilibrium, the price floor has a small to no say change. It ensures prices stay high so that product can continue to be made. If the free market price is lower than the price floor, then a exorbitance Consumers visit they must now pay a higher price for the same product, then they reduce their purchases or switch to a substitute good. Meanwhile, suppliers find they are guaranteed a new, and higher prices, and so they pro duce more. There are a number of strategies that the government uses for setting a price floor and dealings with its consequences. They can set an easily understood price floor, for the citizens. This price support sets a minimum price, however, here the government buys up any extra supply, or surplus. This is even more inefficient and costly for the government and society. Production quotas usually raise the price by limiting production by giving businesses the prospect to reduce their production. In America, this technique is used mostly with agriculture. The government pays farmers to keep a portion of their fields production, this leads to a raise in prices. Like price supports, the policy would be more efficient and le... ...instance, when gold was used as currency, the government could collect gold coins, melt them down, mix them with other metals such as silver, copper or lead, and reissue them at the same nominal value. By diluting the gold with other metals, the governm ent could issue more coins without also impoverishmenting to development the add of gold used to make them. When the cost of separately coin is lowered in this way, the government profits from an increase in seignior age. This practice would increase the money supply but at the same time the relative value of each coin would be lowered. As the relative value of the coins becomes lower, consumers would need to give more coins and money, in exchange for the same goods and services as before. These goods and services would experience a price increase as the value of each coin is reduced. Therefor causing too much money into the economy.

Essay example --

Folkers 1 Amanda FolkersOctober 25, 2013Mr. SpencerEconomics 1Period 3Price Floor, Price ceilings, and inflation Folkers 2The Price ball overs, Price ceilings, and the inflation of the presidency funds are increasing. The definition of damage floors, are equipment casualtys even just below the point to which it is illegal to profane or sell goods. They cant go set down than 7.25/ hr or they are breaking a federal law, this is to protect the producer. A price floor can be set below/ above the market equilibrium price. If the free market price is set higher than the equilibrium, the price floor has a small to no direct change. It ensures prices stay high so that product can continue to be made. If the free market price is lower than the price floor, then a surplus Consumers find they must now pay a higher price for the same product, then they reduce their purchases or switch to a substitute good. Meanwhile, suppliers find they are guaranteed a new, and higher pr ices, and so they produce more. There are a number of strategies that the government uses for context a price floor and dealing with its consequences. They can set an easily understood price floor, for the citizens. This price support sets a minimum price, however, here the government buys up any extra supply, or surplus. This is even more inefficient and costly for the government and society. Production quotas usually raise the price by hold in production by giving businesses the opportunity to reduce their production. In America, this technique is used mostly with agriculture. The government pays farmers to keep a portion of their fields production, this leads to a raise in prices. Like price supports, the policy would be more efficient and le... ...instance, when gold was used as currency, the government could collect gold coins, die hard them down, mix them with other metals such as silver, copper or lead, and re let on them at the same nominal value. By diluting the gold w ith other metals, the government could issue more coins without also needing to augment the amount of gold used to make them. When the cost of each coin is lowered in this way, the government profits from an increase in seignior age. This practice would increase the money supply but at the same time the relative value of each coin would be lowered. As the relative value of the coins becomes lower, consumers would need to give more coins and money, in exchange for the same goods and services as before. These goods and services would experience a price increase as the value of each coin is reduced. Therefor causing too much money into the economy.

Marketing and Singapore Airlines Essay

I. Introductioncapital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore Airlines (SIA) has been ranked as one of the top tip airline tradings in the world. Singapore Airlines began with three flights per week, and today their route ne tworks span is 99 destinations in 39 countries worldwide. Singapore Airlines Limited split from Malaysian Air styluss in 1972 and is the national airline of Singapore operating on global major routes. As stated in its website, the fellowship is ge bed towards providing air transfer of training serve of the highest part and to maximizing returns for the benefit of its shareholders and employees.. It has forever and a day outperformed compared to many other(a) competitive airlines and reported superior annual returns on profits.As airline is cognise as a mistake-free industry, Singapore Airlines has been proven its corking performance through its justice attend tos as well as being a pioneer in business strategies. Hundreds of industry awards a re received by Singapore Airlines for its value quality. This report will outline in detail the fundamental issues in market of Singapore Airlines much(prenominal) as marketplace and guest need, highlight the significant issues regarding the organizations competitive environment as well as suggest possible enhancements for the organization.II. Body1. Customers needs, wants, accept, fruit and market determine for Singapore Airlines. i. Customers needs, wants and demand.Amstrong and Kotler (2011) defined needs as states of felt deprivation. They explained human needs comprise staple fiber physical needs as food, clothing, warmth and safety, as well as social needs for belonging, affection, fun and relaxation. There are similarly esteem needs for prestige, recognition and fame, and mortal needs for knowledge and self-expression.. On the other hand, wants are another sort of human needs that are god by culture and individual personality. Western people like Americans or Euro peans would want breads for their daily meals, while eastern people from China or Vietnam would prefer rice, though they all(a) waste the same need of food. Peoples wants expand throughout times. In the previous days, they office just simply want a transporting way to distri excepte a destination.Later days they wanted a fast and safe transport. Today they also want comfort and entertainment while they are transporting. Organizations should be able to see and foresee the undiminishing wants of its customers to develop their products and services. Nevertheless, human wants are boundless, but not resources. What a person wants and what he can afford are two different matters. As described by Amstrong and Kotler, wants that are backed with buying power are called demand. For example, every(prenominal)one wants to fly with a business or first class, but not all are involuntary to pay for those exclusive prices, thus some(a) of the demand will go for the economy class instead. Singa pore Airlines has identified at that place is a need of passling, relaxation and prestige from its customers, as well as wants and demand for the aviation service and facilities. As so, Singapore Airlines offers best services in order to satisfy its customers accordingly. ii. Singapore Airlines products and market.Singapore Airlines in the main targets at businessmen and wealthy folds who are willing to pay a agio flight fares for a guarantee high quality service. The product line of Singapore Airlines is divided into three classes of travel First, Raffles (Business) and Economy. First class accounted for 5% of passengers, Raffles class for 10% and economy class for 85%. The expectations of these particular customers were constantly rising and theirneeds and wants defy on changing over years. new(prenominal) than that, Singapore Airlines also offer many in-flight facilities and entertainment, much(prenominal) as free headsets, choice of meals, satellite-based inflight telepho nes, inflight meals from the International Culinary Panel, offer audio and video on demand capabilities on KrisWorld in all classes. They also have different luxurious lounges for different class of passengers.2. Singapore Airlines market orientation.i. Market orientationAccording to Kohli and Jaworski (1990), the merchandising concept is a business philosophy, whereas the term market orientation refers to the actual implementation of the market concept. Marketing managements objective is to build bankable relationship with the target customers by designing strategies which following a certain business philosophy that the organization has chosen. There are louvre of them, including production concept, product concept, selling concept, merchandising concept and societal marketing concepts. The newest business philosophy that has commonly been adopted by most of the large organizations nowadays, including Singapore Airlines, is the societal marketing concept. Kotler, et al. (201019 ) state that, the societal marketing concept holds that the organization should determine the needs, wants, and interests of target markets and deliver the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors in a way that maintains or improves the consumers and societys well-being.In brief, this concept is all about balancing three aspects of an organizations marketing attempt keep companys profitability, customer satisfaction and societys welfare. Bhasin H. (2010) stated that the marketing concept alone sidesteps the potential conflicts among consumer wants, consumer interests, and long-run societal welfare, yet some firms and industries are criticized for satisfying consumer wants at societys expense. This has been a reason for the societal marketing concept to be formed, which could be seen as an enlargement of the marketing concept itself. Singapore Airlines official website publishes that, Singapore Airlines firmly believes that supporting programmes that b enefit the communities we serve throughout the world is an essential part of being a equitable corporate citizen.Singapore Airlines has been contributing to thecommunity in arts, sports, community welfare, and education. It supports a wide range of local and overseas community groups and charity organizations. Some of the highlighted are providing air travel for Australian social workers to Dhaka in Bangladesh for a project to prevent hearing loss in textile workers, rebated air tickets to the freshly established Singapore Sports School to nurture emerging sporting talents, helping to fly the nations flag high in the sporting sector as the Official Airline for the inaugural Youth Olympic Games held in Singapore, etc. By practicing this societal marketing concept, Singapore Airlines has shown their customers that profitability is not their hail one and only concern, but also to be a responsible and contributive corporate citizen. By doing so, Singapore Airlines has gained respect able reputation and favor from the customers, and boosted to a notable sales and profits.ii. Product life cycleSingapore Airlines product set is in a mature life cycle. The airline has done an outstanding job of differentiating itself through customer service available through any of its commercial aviation products. In this stage of the product life, Singapore Airlines must create itself every few years to hang on competitive in the industry and to prolong the stage period not to reach the decline stage. Singapore Airlines is constantly examining other service industries to see how they respond to customer needs and then adjusts its products accordingly. Through this strategy, Singapore Airlines generally leads the industry in innovative customer service products and initiatives. As airline is a service industry, its products are intangible, yet Singapore Airlines commitment to its service strategy is visible in every aspect of its operations.3. Major competitive issues facing Si ngapore Airlinesi. Singapore Airlines competitive advantagesEver since the separation from Malaysian Airways, Singapore Airlines has no domestic routes to serve, hence the company has been forced to rely on the international flights and compete with other major airlines. There are three core aspects that Singapore Airlines has gained competitive advantages over other players within the industry. These comprise of the excellent service, the continuity innovation, and the technology superiority. Firstly, asexplained by casting (2004), the airlines have begun its branding strategy on it in-flight service. The company engaged French haute-couture designer Pierre Balmain in 1972 to design a special version of the Malay Sarong Kebaya as the airline stewardess uniform and then is branded as Singapore Girls for providing excellent in-flight hospitality. This later becomes one of the most recognized signatures of the airline, and is one of the critical reasons why Singapore Airlines always ranked at top for the customer satisfaction survey about in-flight service observed by various sources such as independent institutions or online social networking sites.The second aspect that supports the Singapore Airlines success is their effort to always be innovative particularly about the in-flight services. Additionally justified by Roll, Singapore Airlines has pioneered many in-flight experiential and entertainment innovations, and strived to be best in class. It was the first to introduce hot meals, free alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, hot towels with a unique and patented scent, personal entertainment systems, and video-on-demand in all confines. The company keeps driving innovation as an important part of the brand, and the cabin ambience and combined experience are key factors of its success. Lastly, on the technology side, Roll also evaluated that Singapore Airlines still maintains the youngest fleet of aircraft among all major air carriers, and keeps to the s tringent policy of replacing older aircrafts for newer, better models.It has always been first in line to take delivery of new aircraft types like Boeing 747 jumbo jets, Boeing 777, and it will become the first airline to fly the Airbus super jumbo A-380 in 2006. stock-still the aircrafts are sub-branded like 747-Megatop and 777-Jubilee to further distinguish SIA and its brand from competitors. Singapore Airlines also flew Concorde between Singapore and London in the late seventies in coaction with British Airways (BA). The aircraft was painted with SIAs colors and logos on one side, and BAs on the other, and it carried crew from both airlines.ii. Porters five forces analysis of Singapore Airlines a) Suppliers powerSuppliers power is consistently high in airlines industry. This hence will have a great impact in the companys product and service costs, prices andprofitability. However, Singapore Airlines is financially strong and has its own ground service such as baggage handling a nd in-flight food and beverages supply. Aircraft upkeep and servicing is also carried out by SIA Engineers. Thus the main supply for Singapore Airline is basically the aircraft manufacturers. Since the firm has been known as an airline with youngest aircraft usage, Singapore Airlines has been a significant customers and has bargaining power over the suppliers.b) Buyers powerThe buyer bargaining power is indeed high for Singapore Airlines. Singapore Airlines targets in the main on businessmen and people who are affordable for premiums flight fares. These types of passengers are not too sensitive to prices, but concentrating more on the flight time that is on the table for them, and also the comfortability of the provided service. However, regardless of which type of passengers, all of them might just switch to other airlines without hesitation if time and service match their demand better. Since customers are willing to pay for their enjoyment and flexibility, Singapore Airlines t arget market has a strong level of buying power.c) SubstitutionsSingapore Airlines generally has medium to low threat on substitution of its services. As mentioned above, Singapore Airlines target passengers are not cost-conscious travelers, they can afford high fares in return for their comfort and time efficiency. Hence with excellence both in ground and in-flight service quality and updated high-tech facilities, Singapore Airlines easily retain customers loyalty. Other substitute transport mode would not be a big threat especially for long flights or long distance travel.d) Competitive rivalryThe level of rivalry is medium for Singapore Airlines. Although there are not many airlines can compete against SIA, these airlines in the entire industry share the very similar market. Most of the carriers are using secern strategy that focus on both booking and in-flight services. SIA with outstanding and uniqueness service offerings has helped the firm to havelesser pressure on competit ion. However, Singapore Airlines has to pass off on innovation and maintain and improve service quality if they do not wish to lose out.e) New entriesThreat of new entrance is subscribe to low in airline industry, since the capital investment for the industry is massive. According to Calingo (1997) it would require a lot of logistic works, highly skilled personal such as pilots, aircraft technicians and specialize managerial personnel which are often limited in resources in the industry. Limited access to airport and route are also another difficulty post to new entrant.4. Segmenting, targeting and rateing of Singapore Airlines. i. SegmentingAccording to Kotler et al. (2010199), marketing segmentation is defined as dividing a market into distinct groups who might require separate products and/or marketing mixes. The objective is to help determine marketing strategies and realistic marketing objectives by understanding customer trends and buyer behaviors. Singapore Airlines segmen ts its market based on geographic, demographics, psychographic and behavioural. For geographic segmentation, Singapore Airlines customers are located globally with varying wants and needs thus the firm attempts to exploit this by providing airline services to major cities or routes. Evidence given is Singapore Airlines operates flights to over 90 destinations in more than 39 countries over 5 continents.Its strong posture is however still the Southeast Asia region. Demographic segment works on the basis of customer factual characteristics such as age, gender, family lifecycle, social-culture, occupation, education and income that can influence purchasing decisions. Singapore Airlines, for example, demographically segment their customers from their choice of the service class. Suite class and First class passengers are dominantly traveling on business purpose and mostly are male between 25 to 45 years old. Passengers in business class are split evenly between traveling for business a nd leisure. Mostly are male with average age 32. Economy class passengers are a much broader group, traveling mainly for leisure and evenly outflank across most socio-economic groups and age ranges.Another approach tosegmentation is psychographic, which is an attempt to capture what is driving the customers behavior, such as values, personalities, attitudes, opinion, interest and life-style aspirations. For instance, Singapore Airlines provides variations of cabin classes (First, Business and Economy) to meet the product demand of people. Singapore Airlines employs tier membership to provide status preferences to customers. The last segment approach is behavioral which is based on observable issues on consumer behavior when purchasing the products. Characteristics include frequency of consumption, buyer readiness and commitment. The corporate market tends to be a patronise flyer that could gain benefits from Singapore Airlines Frequent Flyer program, in return for customers loyal ty to the airlines. Some people are brand loyal, they tend to stick with their preferred or familiar brands even when a competing one is on sale.ii. TargetingMarket targeting, explained by Kotler et al. (2010199), is the process of evaluating each segments attractiveness and selecting one or more of the market segments. Singapore Airlines uses differentiated market targeting, which refers to where firm target several segments and develops distinct products/services with separate marketing mix strategies aimed at various group approach, where they target in accordance to consumers needs and to their occupation. Singapore Airlines has two target markets.The first aimed at people who mostly have a high income with a high class lifestyle and prefer to seek comfort with excellent services rather than to get a cheaper price but do not get the as good facilities and services. The other target market is customary passengers who mostly just want to travel and not too demanding about the serv ices and the facilities. For this market, Singapore Airlines owns a budget airline as well to compete, which is Tiger Airways, to meet the market needs.iii. PositioningKotler et al also described market positioning is developing competitive positioning for the product and an appropriate marketing mix. Added by them, a products position is the way the product is defined by consumers on important attributes the place the product occupies in consumers minds relative to competing product. In this specific circumstance, is how thepassengers perceive Singapore Airlines service compared to other major carriers, such as British Airways or Cathay Pacific. There are many different general strategies for positioning products. Attribute or benefit, quality and price, use or application, competition, high-tech and high-touch can achieve desired positioning.Market positioning is about how Singaspore Airlines wants its customers to perceive their products and services in relation to their competi tors. Singapore Airlines positioning strategy is using Singapore Girl as a central ingredient in marketing its chain of mountains. Personified through the girls, customers will have a sensory and emotional experience when travelling with Singapore Airlines, with its commitment to service and quality excellence. Since the traditional marketing communication has often been focus on cabin design, food, comfort and pricing, this strategy of Singapore Girl has successfully gain a positive market positioning in the customers heart.III. ConclusionThere are cover substantiations why Singapore Airlines has grown from a regional airline into one of the worlds top leading carriers. This paper has analyzed some of the indispensable marketing issues concerning the strategic way that Singapore Airlines operates to reach their upward achievement nowadays. They have always been setting their customers needs and wants as the first priority in order to understand and provide excellent quality serv ice to match the growing demand of the passengers. Only with the clear comprehending and effective implementation of the organizations selected societal marketing concept, precise identification of the competitive concerns as well as the market segmenting, targeting and positioning, Singapore Airlines has been able to successfully differentiate its brand image and endorsed its prestige status to the whole world.IV. RecommendationsPerforming the SWOT analysis would help Singapore Airlines to identify the key issues for enhancements in its operational strategies. Singapore Airlines needs to keep its superiority and stay on the top of the competition in the international market, by understanding the plans that being pursued by other major players such as British Airways, Cathay Pacific, Virgin Atlantic, etc. Singapore Airlines should continue todifferentiate itself and keep on provide up scaling service quality to the customers.It is recommended for Singapore Airlines to regularly reno vate its facilities as well as install new technological features. Improvement and installation of in-flight entertainment system such as latest technology electronics and DVDs, access provision to the CD music and interconnected network games with the passengers inside of the aircraft, ability to send and receive email and internet surfboard on selected content, Satellite telephones can be some of the suggestions. Nevertheless, Singapore Airlines should carry on contributing more in its social responsibilities to the community well-being to remain an ethical and trust worthy corporate citizen.V. References and BibliographyAyob, A.M (n.d.). Singapore Airlines Limited Building a culture of service excellence. Retrieved imposing 5th, 2012, from https//docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q= cacheaDhMN-GX8s8Jmahdzan.com/papers/sia/SINGAPORE_AIRLINES.pdf+singapore+airlines+marketing+strategy&hl=en&gl=sg&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjah_jaSacO-NJn77hv6rhqruT9KQnCLqiKJD4opuCV-hAT_rzvAM8eS_FMZqlhy2rmS8CRLxx hV7Jf8_p0XU-2ZaGHuzUF5I4yAOHzIGGbgCYMLq0C7pngKnOuKjFTWRAiMHID&sig=AHIEtbRwCtZUzXuAJ5G-SBBjU3CSURqkBQ Bhasin, H. (2010). Socetal Marketing Concept. Retrieved August 5th, 2012, from http//www.marketing91.com/societal-marketing-concept/Calingo, L.M.R. (1997). Strategic management in the Asian context. Singapore Airlines relative case studies of the British and Singaporean national airlines. Based on research by Douglas Sikorski. John Wiley & Sons Heracleous, L. & Wirtz, J. (2009) Strategy and organization at Singapore Airlines Achieving sustainable advantage through dual strategy Journal of Air Transport Management. Kotler, P. & Amstrong, G. (2011). Marketing an Introduction. (10th ed).Kotler, P., Bowen, J.T & Makens, J.C. (2010). Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism. (5th ed).Market Orientation. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved August 4th, 2012, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_orientationRoll, M. (2004). Singapore Airlines flying tiger. From Brandchannel. Retrieved August 6th , 2012, from http//www.brandchannel.com/features_profile.asp?pr_id=209 Roll, Martin. Undated. Singapore Airlines An Excellent Asian Brand. Venture Republic Retrieved August 4th, 2012, from http//www.venturerepublic.com/resources/singapore_airlines_-_an_excellent_asian_brand.aspThe critical success of Singapore Airlines. (n.d.). Retrieved August 5th, 2012, from http//ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/02/the-critical-success-of-singapore-airlines.html_Toc212902244

Khrushchev Genuinely committed to peaceful coexistence Essay

In the years 195562, Khrushchev was genuinely committed to peaceful co population.Peaceful coexistence is the idea that the two super places in the world, the USSR and the USA can accept each others ideologies and consequentially their satellite states in the resides of peace, whether Khrushchev was entirely committed to this impulse is debatable due to his behind the scenes actions between 1955 and 1962. The Austrian state treaty of 1955 seemed to show Khrushchevs commitment to peaceful coexistence, but his aggression after the U2 give away plane incident of 1960 and the gamble with peace over the Berlin wall in 1961 and Cuba in 1962 suggest his commitment to peaceful coexistence was not genuine, but a keep tactic until opportunities to show the USSR system was superior to capitalism arose. Khrushchev was committed to something more along the lines of peaceful competition whereby the soviet union could reach out an economic and without the sine qua non for a hot war, rather th an peaceful coexistence where both global superpowers really engaged in tolerance for either ones ideologies.When Khrushchev attained power in 1953 he advocated the deStalinization of the Soviet Union during a speech at the 20th congress of the soviet party. This political message of denouncing Stalinism seemed to advocate a new era of Soviet foreign politics based on toleration to the western bloc of capitalist countries. A political example of Khrushchevs genuine attempts at peaceful coexistence is attending international peace conferences such as The Geneva summit in 1955 which conveys the initial attempts of bridging the gap between the thoroughgoing ideological divisions of Soviet Russia and the United States. This may be an attempt by the Soviet Union to reduce the hostility of the Capitalist world as they were disturbed of the foundations of MarxistLeninist Russia which they perceived plotted a Global Revolution.However this interpretation would maintain been incorrect as the fundamentals of Marxism was to encourage internal bureaucratic revolutions finished the working class in order to liberate themselves from oppression rather than direct war machine action. This may be in the military and social interest of hampering or at least reducing the possibility of Mutually assured destruction by means of Nuclear warfare which was a very unwavering possibility. This can be seen with the signing of the Austrian State treaty of 1955 that allowed Austria to become a neutral zone which expresses a serious attempt at diplomatical and peaceful methods by the SU. Furthermore it was these arguments that Khrushchev would use in the Geneva summit to convey the genuineness of his attempt to move away from intronational warfare from one external Socialist state into a Capitalist one, and therefore rejected this Stalinist approach that occurred with the Satellite states of Eastern Europe by onset of the Red Army.However on the contrary, Khrushchev harboured the satellite states as a cohesive political and economic unit that further added to the bipolar international system. This was ostensible with the establishment of the Warsaw Pact on 14th of May 1955 was a collective defense treaty of Communist nations within the Soviet sphere of influence. This portrays the drop of commitment to true peaceful coexistence as it meant that Khrushchev created an adversary to NATO, whilst also being militarily aggressive in order to dominate in central and easterly Europe and this can be seen with the quelling of the Hungarian Uprising in 1956 as soviet soldiers lead to the death of 2500 Hungarians and an overthrow of the government.This shows the imperialistic nature of the Soviet Union and not of truly peaceful cohabitation by clearly dividing the world on the wider Cold War basis by intrusive political and military intervention. It seems contradictory to the previous peaceful concessions made by the Soviet Union at the Geneva Summit and this shows h ow the Soviet Union were still trying to maintain an advantage over the Capitalist world rather than accepting a diplomatic change. This can be deduced as an attempt to build on Soviet power whilst also trying to repress American power through far less than peaceful methods.Furthermore tension was at its highest adjacent the military actions of the Soviet Union prior to the Cuban Missile in 1962. For example Khrushchev created a physical and metaphorical barrier that carve up Eastern and air jacket ger humany yet also divided the Capitalist and Communist worlds. This was evident with the erection of the Berlin Wall on 13th August 1961. This was done in order to prevent the massive emigration of East German population that reached up to 3.5million before the wall was built. This socially would leave the Soviet Union short in man power of the working class that was an industrial city that provided much revenue and weaponry for the Red Army. Furthermore many educated members of the population left that left on the basis of political reasons rather than the materialistic reasons, such as poverty and poor living conditions.This shows Khrushchevs attempts at creating a politically divided Europe and represents the Soviets were determined in not allowing one inch of land to be won by their adversaries and may have prompted them, the US, to respond aggressively through military action. Also the deployment of missiles in Cuba also created an atmosphere of hostility and potential for mutually assured destruction through an aggressive geostrategic maneuver to gain an advantage over the USA whilst also trying to arm and strengthen a communist ally that was only miles away from the United States coastline. Many Historians have said this is the closest the world has come to nuclear warfare.

Corporate Strategies to Hedge Commodity Price Risks Applying

Table of contents List of abbreviationsIII List of figuresIII List of tablesIII 1Introduction1 1. 1Problem and aim1 1. 2Structure of this paper1 2Background Information2 2. 1Definitions of entire damage2 2. 2Commodity value stake in several(predicate) firms2 3Explanation of derivatives3 3. 1Options3 3. 2Futures4 3. 3Forwards6 3. 4Swaps6 4Hedging strategies with derivatives7 4. 1Hedging with creams7 4. 2Hedging with futures7 4. 3Hedging with forwards8 4. 4Hedging with trade ins8 5Pros and cons of hedge strategies with derivatives8 5. 1Pros and cons of wefts9 5. Pros and cons of futures9 5. 3Pros and cons of forwards10 5. 4Pros and cons of swaps10 6Practical representative of corporate trade good toll risk hedging10 6. 1Introduction on firms practical hedging strategy10 6. 2Analysis on this strategy11 7Summary12 extension13 Appendix 1 Amounts outstanding of nonprescription(a) (OTC) derivatives by risk category and instrumentin billions of US dollar13 Appendix 2 Derivatives financial instruments traded on organized ex repositions by instrument and locationin billions of US dollar14 Bibliography15 Internet rootage16 List of abbreviations CHClearing HouseIMInitial Margin MBMargin Balance MM NMaintenance Margin No OTCOver The Count VM YVariation Margin Yes List of figures figure of speech 1 Structure of this paper2 Figure 2 P of each picking position4 Figure 3 Flow chart of marking-to-market process5 Figure 4 P of each future position6 Figure 5 Hedging model on fuel oil of Air China11 List of tables Table 1 Summary for 4 option positions4 Table 2 Summary for future positions6 Table 3 Summary for 4 derivatives9 1Introduction 1. 1Problem and objective The risk of trade good equipment casualty is a ferocious takings in corporate operation.Corporate profit is equal to quantity revenue minus total cost. For firms, because of the juicy volatility on commodity price, their inputs and outputs relating to commodity are unpredictable. As a consequence corp orate profit will be immensely volatile, which will possibly lead the firm to go bankruptcy if no all preventive actions are taken. For example, producers of commodities probably need to assume unexpected losses, when the price of outputs goes down or the price of necessary raw materials goes up. The situations are similar to sell buyers, retailers, exporters and even governments.Volatility of commodities price has great impacts on corporate daily operation. The objective of this term paper is to introduce derivative hedging strategies for corporate managers to reduce or even eliminate future unpredictability, mainly from the perspectives of the role commodity price risks play, what the typical derivative instruments are, where and how to apply these different derivatives in terms of hedging principles thereof, and some(prenominal) advantages and disadvantages when applying each derivative in real business transactions. 1. Structure of this paper Firstly, this term paper highligh ts problems existing in real world. Secondly, it introduces advanced derivatives theory that give the sack be applied to solve these problems. Thirdly, specific details on the theory will be presented, including explanation, application, as well as pros and cons of each derivative instrument. Then, an example is analyzed to show how companies apply derivatives to turn off commodity risks practically. Last is a summary of this term paper. sideline figure shows the body of this paper. 2Background Information 2. Definitions of fundamental terms In financial markets derivative is a contract or security whose value is derived from the value of other more basic vestigial variables . One of its close important functions is hedging. In corporate operation, hedging is to secure the companies against potential loss caused by variable risks that arise in international market, such as the commodity price risks. In this paper, commodity means any tangible goods or raw materials that may be sold or traded in the markets, such as energy, gold, or agricultural products. 2. Commodity price risk in different firms Volatility of commodities price influences firms daily operation signifi heaptly. Producers of commodities, such as farms, oil producers, mine companies, face price risk on output. Wholesalers and retailers, face price risk during the time period from buying from suppliers and selling to customers. Exporters, face the same price risk as well as currency exchange risk. And governments face price and yield risks generating from tax revenues that depend on firms operational conditions. 3Explanation of derivativesDerivatives are traded in exchange-traded markets and over-the-counter markets. (See recent derivatives transaction status in appendix 1 and appendix 2. ) Notably, exchange-traded derivatives are default risk free and liquid. However over-the-counter traded derivatives are the opposite. 3. 1Options An option is the contract that gives the buyer the uprigh t but not obligation to buy (call option) or sell (put option) an underlying asset at a predetermined price (exercise price) for reliable quantity during a fixed period of time (maturity).The buyer of the option pays a particular amount of money (option premium) to the seller to buy a right whereby he chiffonier decide whether or not to exercise this option, simultaneously the seller has the obligation to perform if the buyer exercises the option. European options only stop be exercised on expiration day, and American options can be exercised at any time before maturity. The buyer of the call option is named long call, plot of land the seller of the call option is named short call. Similarly, the buyer of the put option is named long put, while the seller of the put option is named short put.In commodity market, underlying of commodity option is a commodity, such as oil, wheat, or gold. Commodity options are both exchanges-traded and OTC traded. Following figure shows P of each option. Following table is the summary for these 4 option positions. Table 1 Summary for 4 option positions Market price expectationMaximum profitMaximum lossBreakeven point Long callupunlimitedoption premiumexercise price + option premium Short calldown or stableoption premiumunlimitedexercise price + option premium Long putdownexercise price option premiumoption premiumexercise price option premium Short putup or stableoption remiumexercise price option premiumexercise price option premium Source authors own. 3. 2Futures A future is a contract between two parties to buy or sell a specify amount of asset at a specified time period in the future for a certain price. ordinarily there are two types of futures, commodity futures whose underlying are commodities and financial futures whose underlying are financial assets. They are highly standardized, regulated, and traded in exchange markets with highly liquid and default risk free property. Because of the marking-to-market proce ss, at maturity the settling price is the spot price at expiration date with profit gaining or loss paying from a margin account, which indirectly makes the effective bargain price equal to the predetermined price in the future contract. Notably, to ensure high liquidity of futures, marking-to-market process plays a significant role. The following figure shows the marking-to-market process. Generally there are two alternative ways at maturity to try futures, either by cash or by actual delivery of underlying, which is clearly defined by futures exchange.Following figure and table show the details of a future. Table 2 Summary for future positions ?Maximum profitMaximum lossBreakeven point Long positionunlimitedexercise pricespot price + cost of carry Short positionexercise priceunlimitedspot price + cost of carry Source authors own. 3. 3Forwards A forward contract is a customized and over-the-counter agreement to buy or sell an asset at a specified time in the future for a specified price, where a long position has the obligation to buy and a short position has the obligation to sell. Compared with futures, no marking-to-market process are required.Counterparties can negotiate with each somewhat the parameters of the contract. As a expiry, a firm who unavoidablenesss to make forward contract needs to visit the counter troupe by itself. 3. 4Swaps A swap is a customized and over-the-counter agreement to exchange a series of specified assets periodically in the future. Normally the counterparties of a swap contract are a large institution such as a bank and a company. elementalally, we can view a swap as a complicated forward. Except currency swaps, counterparties just need to pay the differences between the cash flow they should exchange. Because swaps are bespoken as a result they are less liquid.There are commodity swaps, interest rate swaps and currency swaps. Interest rate swaps is an agreement of two counterparties to change fixed interest and drift i nterest on predefined nominal principal in the future periodically. Commodity swaps normally vary tremendously among different markets. In a currency swap, counterparties change same value of different currencies in inception and termination, where the exchange rate of the tow currencies depends on the negotiation of counterparties. 4Hedging strategies with derivatives This chapter will focus on the principles of hedging strategies on commodities. . 1Hedging with options If a trader wants to procure a commodity with high volatile price, he can buy a commodity call option to hedge the price risk of going up. Similarly, if a company wants to sell a commodity product, it can buy a long put to hedge the price risk of going down. In practice, because investors want to bet more precisely on the future price of the underlying, and hedgers with long positions want to save option premiums, a few combinations of options come out, such as a long call and a short put with identical parameters e xcept the different strike price. 4. 2Hedging with futuresWhen the objective of a commodity trader wants to neutralize the price risk as far as possible, usually he will choose to take a position on a future on commodity. A hedger who already owns a commodity asset or doesnt own right now but will at some future time expecting to sell it in the future without assuming any price risk, he can apple future hedging strategy to image into a short position to become a short. Likewise, a hedger who has to buy a certain commodity asset in the future and wants to lock in spot price immediately, he can apply a future to enter into a long position to become a long. . 3Hedging with forwards The principles of hedging strategy with forwards are similar with futures. Whether to use futures or forwards depends on different requirements. Generally, financial assets investors who need high liquidity prefer to choose futures, while commodity investors such as producers who need high customization pre fer to choose forwards. 4. 4Hedging with swaps When investors want to hedge risks of interest rates, currencies, or commodities, they can use swaps. In gold swaps, counterparties change fixed lease rate with variable lease rate.In swaps on bandstand metals, counterparties change fixed metal price with average price of near dated metal future. In oil swaps, counterparties change fixed West Taxes average (WTI is a benchmark in oil price) price with average price of near dated WTI future. 5Pros and cons of hedging strategies with derivatives The following integrated summary of these derivatives depending on pervious analysis makes systematic comparisons. (The options here are exchanged-traded European options) Table 3 Summary for 4 derivatives SUMMERY OF DERIVATIVES FOR GENERAL TYPES OptionsFuturesForwardsSwapsTypes of contractstandardizedstandardizedcustomizedcustomized Settlementscash and deliverymost cash and few deliverydeliverydepends on individuals trade marketExchange tradedE xchange tradedOTCOTC Liquidityhighhighlowlow Marketing-to-marginnorequirednono Time of settlementmaturitydailymaturityperiodically Initial investmentoption premiuminitial margin nodepends Default risk assumed byClearing houseclearinghouseBoth partiesBoth parties ProsDefault risk free & liquiditycustomization & no initial investment Consinitial investment & inflexibledefault risk for both party & illiquidity Source authors own. . 1Pros and cons of options The pros of options are obvious. Firstly, they know no risk to assume more loss than premium but have chance to read unlimited potential profit. Secondly exchanged-traded options are highly liquid and OTC traded options are flexible. However, the cons of options are also explicit, such as the difficulty to decide when to enter into a long position.Because buying an option needs to pay option premium, if the spot price cannot go above (for a long call) or go below (for a long put) the breakeven point the hedger will suffer a loss, and depends on statistics the possibility of a long position to lose is about 66%. 5. 2Pros and cons of futures It definitely makes sense for most companies whose majors are in businesses but not professional in forecasting the price of commodities price volatility, which can make them pay more attention on their core competences instead of fearing about volatile price.Nonetheless, taking neutralized strategies make hedgers give up the possibility of both profit and loss. Moreover, instead of hedging risks by companies, shareholders can hedge themselves according to their preferences. Additionally, if other competitors of the same industry dont apply hedging strategies, in fact, it is the hedging company itself that assumes risks, because competitive pressures are the same for other all competitors but different for the hedging company its own. 5. 3Pros and cons of forwards Basic pros and cons have been listed in the table in front of this chapter.Generally, compared to futures, th e most explicit pro is that forwards are highly customized and therefore the con is that they are hardly liquid. 5. 4Pros and cons of swaps Basic pros and cons have been listed in the table in front of this chapter. Gernally, compared to futures and forwards the most precise pros is that both counterparties could reap benefits from a swap, such as in a currency swap where a firm with a low rate may get a cheaper loan as other firms with high rates, and the counterparty may get a payment as compensation.However the corresponding cons is that counterparty may need to pay commision to intermediary, because it is difficult to find an appropriate counterparty by itself. 6Practical example of corporate commodity price risk hedging 6. 1Introduction on firms practical hedging strategy Air China is an airline company, whose cost of fuel oil occupies 44. 75% of total revenue in 2008. To hedge the fuel oil price risk, Air China bought a call option with strike K1, meanwhile sold a put option w ith strike K2, where K1

Black Leaders Essay

Booker T. majuscule and William Edward Burghardt Du Bois were influential black leaders. Their leadership strengthened the minds of the black race. During the decades of Reconstruction following the Civil War, African Americans struggled to be assimilated into the new American society. To do this African Americans required social and economic personifyity. Two great Negro leaders that emerged for this cause were Booker T. capital letter and W. E. B. Du Bois. With these two strong-headed men, an other(a) problem arose.They some(prenominal) sharply disagreed upon the strategies needed to gain these equalities. Washington preferred a gradual, submissive, and economically based plan. On the other hand, Du Bois relied upon a more agitating and politically aggressive plan. They worked for the advancement of African-Americans in American society, but their methods of achieving this goal and their leadership style differed greatly from one another. It is hard to diffuse that two men, wh o helped to strive for the great goal of racial fairness, could have been such opposites, but it is true.Booker T. Washington, a former slave and the founder of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, believed that African Americans needed to arrogate segregation and discrimination for the time being and concentrate on elevating themselves through hard work and material prosperity. The eventual accomplishment of wealth and culture by African Americans would gradually win for them the respect and acceptance of the clean-living community. This would break down the divisions between the two races and lead to equal citizenship for African Americans in the end.Also he urged blacks to accept discrimination for the time being and concentrate on elevating themselves through hard work and material prosperity. He believed in education in the crafts, industrial and farming skills and the cultivation of the virtues of patience, enterprise and thrift. This, he said, would win the respect of whites and lead to African Americans being fully trustworthy as citizens and included into all strata of society. Washington wanted blacks in the south to respect and value the need for industrial education both from a reward of American and African experience.Booker T. Washington was born a slave on April 5, 1856 in Franklin County, Virginia. Once the slaves were emancipated, his family moved to West Virginia. There, his family was poor, and he had to work in a salt furnace and then a coal mine. In take he prenomend himself Booker Washington. Only later did he find out his name was Booker Taliaferro. So he combined both names to form his now famous name, Booker T. Washington. He went to school at the Hampton Institute, which was an industrial school for blacks. Later on, he based his educational theories on his time at Hampton.He founded the Tuskegee Institute, which was a Negro school, which eventually became known for its hardworking, reliable graduates. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was born into an feeder family on February 23, 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Bois took college preparatory classes while in high school. He was also a column writer of a newspaper, the New York Globe. objet dart still young he attended town meetings to listen to people discuss concerns of the town. He spoke about Wendell Phillips at his high school graduation. Du Boiss mother unexpectedly died in 1884.After high school, he attended Fisk University in Nashville, Tennes cope with. He was the first black person to obtain a Ph. D. from Harvard. He taught at Atlanta University. At Fisk he took part in public speaking and debates. He edited the Fisk Herald, the schools paper. At Fisk he cognize that his goal was not for his own happiness, but for the advancement of the black race. He graduated from Fisk in 1886 with an A. B. degree. After Fisk he was accepted into Harvard. In 1895 Du Bois became the first African American to get a Ph. D. from Harvard. Even with a Ph.D. from Harvard he did not feel he was ready to deal with the problems that African Americans faced. He then played out two years at Berlin University. This gave him an extended outlook on the race problem. In the south, African Americans received segregated and unequal education established by white Americans. Du Bois was confident that he could get white Americans to give up discrimination. Du Bois was motivated to lead African Americans out of the disadvantaged position they seemed to be in. He believed the key to their advancement was in education.Near the end of the 1800s African Americans occupied unskilled jobs in southern cities. Their economic situation was not good. Du Bois mat compelled to work to improve this situation. He initially wanted to dedicate his look to education. In 1909 he contributed to the development of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored mass (NAACP). According to Gerald Hynes, Du Bois was not pleased with the group, due in part by it being under the leadership of whites. He agreed to work with them and became the editor of The Crisis (1909-1934), a publication from the NAACP.He also led the Niagara Movement. The Niagara Movement was an organization founded by black Americans to racial discrimination. The movement placed most of the blame for Americas racial problems on whites. It opposed the view of Booker T. Washington. He later became a Marxist and a Communist. Washington and Du Bois were alike in few right smarts. They were both black leaders. They were both teachers and authors. They were also both subject to discrimination from whites. They were both spokesmen for their separate ideologies.Du Bois and Washington were polar opposites of each other in e real sight except for the reasons previously stated. They were so much so that Du Bois published a book named The Souls of Black Folk, which contained some(prenominal) essays criticizing Washingtons views. Du Bois went on to write many other essays and spe eches opposing the viewpoints of supposed Uncle Toms. The author believes that Booker T. Washington developed a leadership style based on the model of the grey-haired plantation house servant. He used humility, politeness, flattery, and restraint as a wedge with which he hoped to split the wall of racial discrimination.His conciliatory approach win the enthusiastic support of the solid South as well as that of influential Northern politicians and industrialists their backing gained him a national reputation and provided him with easy main line of merchandise to the press. Members of his own community were filled with pride to see one of their own treated with such respect by wealthy and influential leaders of white America. Du Bois assigned Washington of giving the black race the distinct status of civil inferiority. Washington was for surrendering basic human rights and dignity for economic advancement. Du Bois thought that was foul to the black race.Washington thought that a vocational education was far more important to blacks than higher education. Du Bois thought that the really important things in life laid in the realm of the mind. The term The Talented Tenth was the trademark of his educational philosophy. To him, this was, The Talented Tenth of the Negro race must be make leaders of thought and missionaries of culture among their people. No others can do this work and Negro colleges must train men for it. The Negro race, like all other races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. In the authors opinion, theres any question that Booker T.Washington did accept segregation. Booker T. Washington was an accommodationist. And his program was to take on the social and political situation of the South. Du Bois was not in complete disagreement with Booker T. Washington. Du Bois referred to Booker T. Washington as the greatest black leader since Frederick Douglass. And also referred to Washington as the most distinguished man, black or white, to come out of the South since the Civil War. So it wasnt as though Du Bois disagreed with Washingtons program, but Du Bois felt that there was room for more than one solution to the problem.And just as Washington advocated vocational education for the majority of African Americans in the South, Du Bois felt yes, there were African Americans in the South, perhaps the majority who at that point in their historical development were better off with vocational education. But there were others among the race who needed to be the individuals who were at the top, the individuals who did the training, the individuals who were the intelligentsia. And that you needed this group of people. And I think that was the introduction of their disagreement.Not that Du Bois felt that Washington was completely wrong, but that Washington needed to have more than just one way of approaching the problem. And then of course the other issue on which they disagreed was Du Bois did not feel that you could accom modate injustice. And he felt that Washington was placing upon his shoulders an extremely heavy responsibility by advocating that African Americans accommodate the social and political system in the South. Washington stated that blacks should work hard and become economically prosperous before they should ask for racial equality from the whites.Du Bois thought that this was absolutely preposterous. Blacks shouldnt have to ask for equality from whites, it is Gods gift to them and ein truth human being deserved it. Du Bois believed that the whites were responsible for property the black men down and that the black man should cry out and declare his independence. Washington wanted to please the whites, because he thought that was the only way anything good could happen. Even when he was a child, he made his name Washington, whom was a well-known white historical figure of prominence.Du Bois was more radical, whereas Washington was very moderate. Washington was a realist, Du Bois was a romantic. Du Bois wanted to stir mens hearts, Washington wanted to stir mens minds. Washington was incorruptible to his country, Du Bois was loyal to his race. Washington was possessed humility, and could relate to the common man, Du Bois was arrogant, egotistical, and imperious. Since he could not believe that the average Southern white man had any desire to help the Negro, Du Bois could see no future in the South for the ambitious young people of his race.Directly contradicting Washingtons counsel, Du Bois urged them to go North for freedom and advancement. He further urban migration at every turn, believing that the country represented oppression and serfdom, while the city represented opportunity. It is very clear to see that their experiences were different and this is very important in understanding how they saw the future of the race. But its also important to keep in mind that for both of them, race peck was the central key. Despite all of Du Bois attacks on him, Washi ngton still managed to be more popular at the time, and more famous today.

Unit 7

headliner Sociological Perspectives P1 Unit 7 Functionalism This is the relationship between the separate of club how aspects of society ar functional (adaptive). A strength of Functionalism would be that it states that there be purposes for well-disposed conditions or facts. For example, under a functionalist point of follow the invigoratedspaper deliverer and retail worker whole contribute to the function of the entire unitwithout serving these purposes, the social structure would not function properly. too functionalism is escorted vital for the smooth running of society, as Durkheim stated.A criticism of the functionalist barbel would be it does not verbalise atomic number 18as of conflict, which undoubtedly characterise modern societies and in principle could be found in all in all told societies. Functionalism assumes that there is consensus that everyone in the structure holds the same norms and values that we all essentially recall in and work for the same t hing. Functionalism is a theory about the nature of mental states. According to functionalists, mental states are identified by what they do rather than by what they are made of. Functionalism is the around familiar or received view among philosophers of mind and cognitive science.Family Functionalists look at how the family as an institution, helps in maintain order and stableness in society, and the consequence of the family for its soul members. A well know functionalist who charter written about the family is George. P. Murdock. Murdock carried out a study that included 250 families. From this he argued that the family achieves four basic functions for its psyche members and society. He says these are cozy, reproductive, economic and educational functions. The sexual function refers to the sexual activity.Murdock argued that the family provides to the sexual inescapably of its adults and also limits sexual access of former(a) member of the society thereby maintaining sta bility. The reproductive function is manner and raising children. The family provides the society with new members and assume responsibility for raising them. The family is an economic unit, with a role of labour a massive gender. Murdock considers this division of labour as rewarding for the spo usances and as strengthening the perplex between them, as they are perceived as doing clear-cut but complementary work.The educational function that Murdock refers to, can also be known as socialisation. The family has the responsibility of transmitting a societys way of life, norms and values to the younger members. This function is important because without culture the society wouldnt run low too much deviation from the norm would disrupt the stability of the society. Marxism The sociological perspective sees society as structures with interconnected parts, and focuses on the structural features of society, emphasising social differences and the hostile interests and values of varia nt throngs in society.Proletariat Class of poor mint who work for wages. Bourgeoise Class of wealthy throng who have their own means of wealth. Strengths would be that it recognises the federal agency interests of different groups and is good at explaining conflict and change in society. It stresses the role of class struggle (conflict) at bottom society between the proletariat (workers) and the bourgeoisie (owners). flunk would be that it doesnt recognise that concourse are socially active, with some power and the ability to induce plectrons and influence the direction of their own lives.It focuses on the miserliness as the driving force of social behaviour and ignores opposite important influences such as gender, ethnicity and by rightseousness. Marxism is a policy-making and sociological perspective based on the work of Karl Marx (1818-1883) Marx provided an account of the new class based society that emerged after the industrial revolution. The Marxist perspecti ve motilitys the functionalist idea that business owners and bosses are goodly entitle to keep profits for they are part of the ruling political orientation in capitalist society. Family Friedrich Engels is a famous Marxist.He bankd that during the early stages of human evolution that property was embodiedly owned and that the family did not exist. The community formed the family and there was no restraint to sexual access. Although with the development of private ownership of property and the idea of having successors who were to inherit the property, the question of paternity grew in importance and the rules of monogamous marriage were created to postulate fair sexs sexuality and assure the legitimacy of heirs. womens lib Capitalist Another discourse for a member of the bourgeoisieFeminism is a movement for social, cultural, political and economic equality of men and women. It is a campaign against gender inequalities and it strives for equal rights for women. Feminism c an be also defined as the right to enough entropy available to every single adult female so that she can make a choice to live a life which is not discriminatory and which work within the principles of social, cultural, political and economic equality and independence. Strengths that the sociological feminist theorists had were on how their perception of womanhood was socially constructed and not even real.A impuissance of it is that it felt as though the sociological feminists are very judgmental and it feels as though almost all men and most peck looked down on women. on that point are 3 main types of feminist approach * Marxist womens lib * Radical feminism * Liberal feminism Marxist feminism Marxists feminists see woman as oppressed by capitalist economy and by men or the patriarchal society. They believe that woman produce the next generation of workers and those they provide all the key needs to meet for their children and prepare them for the work life.They support thei r partners and cook, clean, and look at for the family. Radical Feminism Radical feminists believe that it is not capitalism that dominates woman, and that it is men. They see the woman as the housewife and mother. Liberal Feminism These feminists believe that changes have happened. They believe that since new legislations have been bought out that there is now more equality. Legislation and constitution changing, leads to liberal feminists believing that improvements will always be made Family Feminists have sought to break up the impact of family life on women.Regardless of the numerous differences in their approach and main concern, different feminists tend to agree that women occupy a subordinate position in the family and are exploited in various ways. The Marxist feminists consider capitalism as the main exploiter. This exploitation is seen in terms of the unpaid work they carry out at home. Like the Marxist, they believe that the family also serves capitalism by reproducin g the future labour force, but they also assert that it is not the family as such that suffers more, but the women.It is women that bear the children and assume the main responsibility for their aid. Women are also exploited in that they are expected to provide outlets for all the frustration and resentment that their husband experience at work and therefore save them from rebelling against their employers. Interactionism The interactionists perspective is a major theoretical perspective it focuses on the concrete expound of what goes on among individuals in everyday life. It derives social processes (such as conflict, cooperation, individuality formation) from human interaction.Its focus is on small groups and how they influence individual behaviour in society. A strength of this would be that it takes into account an individuals choices they make and how they behave (their free will). It cannot explain where peck get the meanings to symbols and that it ends up drawing these answers from other sociological theories, and it doesnt explain social order and how it comes about this would be a weakness. They do not study where the social roles come from. The evidence of symbolic interaction is that populace use symbols to understand and interact properly with the natural and social world.Symbolic interactionism is a theory of social cognition, which models human interaction among significant concepts like identity, language, meaning, labeling and roles. Family The interactionalist perspective looks at the family dynamics. This view explores the interaction of the family members this is back and forth talk, gestures and actions that go on in families. The interactionist perspective refuses to identify a natural family structure. The family is not a post social unit but the creation of its participants as they ad libitum relate to one another. PostmodernismThis is an approach that emphases on the quick changing and uncertainty in our society. Postmodernists conjure that we cannot talk about well-known institutions such as the family, religion or the economy because nothing stays the same. Postmodernists think that because there is constant change you cannot use structuralist perspectives such as Functionalism and Marxism to understand society. Strength of postmodernism would be that it provides a good critique of modernism and helpfully stresses the use of the aesthetic. Weakness would be that Postmodernism, like modernism, is characterized by astounding arrogance. FamilyOther theories believe that nuclear family is dominant family type within society postmodernists disagree with this opinion and have different views. Postmodernists argue that this structural approach ignores moral relativism of individuals that they always have a choice of family type and goose egg can judge them. Also modernists ignore the increase of family diversity however there is no best family type anymore. Collectivism Collectivism is an approach to providin g health and social care services that is reinforced by a government commitment to provide care and support for the vulnerable, funded through taxation and National Insurance.This contrasts with the New right that consider welfare to be the responsibility of the individual and their family and believe that the state should play a minimal role. An emphasis is placed on unification and a common purpose. Families are considered very important for personal growth. An advantage to living in a collectivized society is that the group members are close-knit and care for and help one another, which is not always the case in an individualistic society.Another strength would be that communication is very important in a collective group. No one is left out of the mix, and everyone is involved in making decisions. A weakness would be that collectivism stifles individuality and diversity by insisting upon a common social identity, such as nationalism, racialism, feminism, or some other group fo cus. Also collectivism is linked to statism and the diminution of freedom when political authority is used to advance collectivist goals. FamilyFamily ties will be different in different cultures they will be strong in a collectivist society, Collectivist societies will be more characterized by coexistence of several generations within the household and stronger ties towards the big family clan. New right This is political movement made up especially of Protestants, opposed especially to secular humanism, and concerned with issues especially of church and state, patriotism, laissez-faire economics, pornography, and abortion. They believe that welfare should be largely seen as the responsibility of the individual and their family. The New Right regarded tate support as intrusive and supporting a dependency culture. Mrs Thatcher eyeshot the welfare state produced a society in which people relied on state benefits rather than planning for the future and taking responsibility for thei r own needs and responsibility. A Strength of this would be that it would get more people that can work but dont, to go out and work. Also it would benefit people because they would be going out earning their own money and it would be a good social factor. A Weakness of this would be that how do you get the people that have been off work for such a long time back into education and work.Family The New Right Family Ideology is patriarchal, the family is male dominant. Feminists argue that this is damaging for women. It ignores the dark side of the family e. g. domestic abuse, poverty, conflict. It is harmful, calling other family-types incapable schools, advertisements and television reinforce this idea. It is anti-social it stereotypes, labels and discriminates against other family-types inadequate and has a Them and Us theory Nuclear families are the only family type, other family types arent families.Unit 7Principal Sociological Perspectives P1 Unit 7 Functionalism This is th e relationship between the parts of society how aspects of society are functional (adaptive). A strength of Functionalism would be that it states that there are purposes for social conditions or facts. For example, under a functionalist point of view the newspaper deliverer and retail worker all contribute to the function of the entire unitwithout serving these purposes, the social structure would not function properly. Also functionalism is considered vital for the smooth running of society, as Durkheim stated.A criticism of the functionalist approach would be it does not address areas of conflict, which undoubtedly characterise modern societies and in principle could be found in all societies. Functionalism assumes that there is consensus that everyone in the structure holds the same norms and values that we all essentially believe in and work for the same thing. Functionalism is a theory about the nature of mental states. According to functionalists, mental states are identified by what they do rather than by what they are made of. Functionalism is the most familiar or received view among philosophers of mind and cognitive science.Family Functionalists look at how the family as an institution, helps in maintain order and stability in society, and the significance of the family for its individual members. A well know functionalist who have written about the family is George. P. Murdock. Murdock carried out a study that included 250 families. From this he argued that the family achieves four basic functions for its individual members and society. He says these are sexual, reproductive, economic and educational functions. The sexual function refers to the sexual activity.Murdock argued that the family provides to the sexual needs of its adults and also limits sexual access of other member of the society thereby maintaining stability. The reproductive function is manner and raising children. The family provides the society with new members and assume responsibi lity for raising them. The family is an economic unit, with a division of labour along gender. Murdock considers this division of labour as rewarding for the spouses and as strengthening the bond between them, as they are perceived as doing distinct but complementary work.The educational function that Murdock refers to, can also be known as socialisation. The family has the responsibility of transmitting a societys way of life, norms and values to the younger members. This function is important because without culture the society wouldnt survive too much deviation from the norm would disrupt the stability of the society. Marxism The sociological perspective sees society as structures with interconnected parts, and focuses on the structural features of society, emphasising social differences and the conflicting interests and values of different groups in society.Proletariat Class of poor people who work for wages. Bourgeoise Class of wealthy people who have their own means of wealt h. Strengths would be that it recognises the power interests of different groups and is good at explaining conflict and change in society. It stresses the role of class struggle (conflict) within society between the proletariat (workers) and the bourgeoisie (owners). Weakness would be that it doesnt recognise that people are socially active, with some power and the ability to make choices and influence the direction of their own lives.It focuses on the economy as the driving force of social behaviour and ignores other important influences such as gender, ethnicity and religion. Marxism is a political and sociological perspective based on the work of Karl Marx (1818-1883) Marx provided an account of the new class based society that emerged after the industrial revolution. The Marxist perspective questions the functionalist idea that business owners and bosses are morally entitled to keep profits for they are part of the ruling ideology in capitalist society. Family Friedrich Engels i s a famous Marxist.He believed that during the early stages of human evolution that property was jointly owned and that the family did not exist. The community formed the family and there was no restraint to sexual access. Although with the development of private ownership of property and the idea of having successors who were to inherit the property, the question of paternity grew in importance and the rules of monogamous marriage were created to control womans sexuality and assure the legitimacy of heirs. Feminism Capitalist Another word for a member of the bourgeoisieFeminism is a movement for social, cultural, political and economic equality of men and women. It is a campaign against gender inequalities and it strives for equal rights for women. Feminism can be also defined as the right to enough information available to every single woman so that she can make a choice to live a life which is not discriminatory and which works within the principles of social, cultural, politic al and economic equality and independence. Strengths that the sociological feminist theorists had were on how their perception of womanhood was socially constructed and not even real.A weakness of it is that it felt as though the sociological feminists are very judgmental and it feels as though almost all men and most people looked down on women. There are 3 main types of feminist approach * Marxist feminism * Radical feminism * Liberal feminism Marxist feminism Marxists feminists see woman as oppressed by capitalism and by men or the patriarchal society. They believe that woman produce the next generation of workers and those they provide all the key needs to meet for their children and prepare them for the work life.They support their partners and cook, clean, and care for the family. Radical Feminism Radical feminists believe that it is not capitalism that dominates woman, and that it is men. They see the woman as the housewife and mother. Liberal Feminism These feminists believe that changes have happened. They believe that since new legislations have been bought out that there is now more equality. Legislation and policy changing, leads to liberal feminists believing that improvements will always be made Family Feminists have sought to analyse the impact of family life on women.Regardless of the numerous differences in their approach and main concern, different feminists tend to agree that women occupy a subordinate position in the family and are exploited in various ways. The Marxist feminists consider capitalism as the main exploiter. This exploitation is seen in terms of the unpaid work they carry out at home. Like the Marxist, they believe that the family also serves capitalism by reproducing the future labour force, but they also assert that it is not the family as such that suffers more, but the women.It is women that bear the children and assume the main responsibility for their care. Women are also exploited in that they are expected to provide ou tlets for all the frustration and anger that their husband experience at work and therefore prevent them from rebelling against their employers. Interactionism The interactionists perspective is a major theoretical perspective it focuses on the concrete details of what goes on among individuals in everyday life. It derives social processes (such as conflict, cooperation, identity formation) from human interaction.Its focus is on small groups and how they influence individual behaviour in society. A strength of this would be that it takes into account an individuals choices they make and how they behave (their free will). It cannot explain where people get the meanings to symbols and that it ends up drawing these answers from other sociological theories, and it doesnt explain social order and how it comes about this would be a weakness. They do not study where the social roles come from. The evidence of symbolic interaction is that humans use symbols to understand and interact proper ly with the natural and social world.Symbolic interactionism is a theory of social cognition, which models human interaction among significant concepts like identity, language, meaning, labeling and roles. Family The interactionalist perspective looks at the family dynamics. This view explores the interaction of the family members this is back and forth talk, gestures and actions that go on in families. The interactionist perspective refuses to identify a natural family structure. The family is not a stock social unit but the creation of its participants as they spontaneously relate to one another. PostmodernismThis is an approach that emphases on the quick changing and uncertainty in our society. Postmodernists suggest that we cannot talk about well-known institutions such as the family, religion or the economy because nothing stays the same. Postmodernists think that because there is constant change you cannot use structuralist perspectives such as Functionalism and Marxism to und erstand society. Strength of postmodernism would be that it provides a good critique of modernism and helpfully stresses the use of the aesthetic. Weakness would be that Postmodernism, like modernism, is characterized by astounding arrogance. FamilyOther theories believe that nuclear family is dominant family type within society postmodernists disagree with this opinion and have different views. Postmodernists argue that this structural approach ignores moral relativism of individuals that they always have a choice of family type and nobody can judge them. Also modernists ignore the increase of family diversity however there is no best family type anymore. Collectivism Collectivism is an approach to providing health and social care services that is reinforced by a government commitment to provide care and support for the vulnerable, funded through taxation and National Insurance.This contrasts with the New right that consider welfare to be the responsibility of the individual and th eir family and believe that the state should play a minimal role. An emphasis is placed on unification and a common purpose. Families are considered very important for personal growth. An advantage to living in a collectivist society is that the group members are close-knit and care for and help one another, which is not always the case in an individualistic society.Another strength would be that communication is very important in a collective group. No one is left out of the mix, and everyone is involved in making decisions. A weakness would be that collectivism stifles individuality and diversity by insisting upon a common social identity, such as nationalism, racialism, feminism, or some other group focus. Also collectivism is linked to statism and the diminution of freedom when political authority is used to advance collectivist goals. FamilyFamily ties will be different in different cultures they will be strong in a collectivist society, Collectivist societies will be more char acterized by coexistence of several generations within the household and stronger ties towards the larger family clan. New right This is political movement made up especially of Protestants, opposed especially to secular humanism, and concerned with issues especially of church and state, patriotism, laissez-faire economics, pornography, and abortion. They believe that welfare should be largely seen as the responsibility of the individual and their family. The New Right regarded tate support as intrusive and supporting a dependency culture. Mrs Thatcher thought the welfare state produced a society in which people relied on state benefits rather than planning for the future and taking responsibility for their own needs and responsibility. A Strength of this would be that it would get more people that can work but dont, to go out and work. Also it would benefit people because they would be going out earning their own money and it would be a good social factor. A Weakness of this would be that how do you get the people that have been off work for such a long time back into education and work.Family The New Right Family Ideology is patriarchal, the family is male dominant. Feminists argue that this is negative for women. It ignores the dark side of the family e. g. domestic abuse, poverty, conflict. It is harmful, calling other family-types inadequate schools, advertisements and television reinforce this idea. It is anti-social it stereotypes, labels and discriminates against other family-types inadequate and has a Them and Us theory Nuclear families are the only family type, other family types arent families.

Nazi Preparation for War Essay

The national socialists came to power in 1933. They began introducing a set of ideas into German society. These ideas were based on the national socialist ideology, startlined by Hitlers book Mein Kampf. This essay pass on testine how the Nazis attempted to educate German society to integrate their ideological beliefs, and whether these were wholly designed as a preparation for war. There were a effect of different aims for the youth in Nazi Germany and therefore their cultivation need to be suitable. Education methods created a loyal following for Hitler and the Nazis.The Nazis were aware that training to the German youth would create loyal Nazis by the time they reached adulthood. Their overall aim was to create a generation of racially pure Germans who were ready to do what Hitler asked of them and approximately importantly serve their country. Therefore it was necessary to mould juvenility boys into being prepared for war. Education is supposed to open closed minds to liberate the minds of the youth and of the ignorant. It aims mend a person to be an independent believeer. However in Germany under the Nazis the utilization for education was to close the minds.Leading Nazis stated that the whole purpose of education is to create Nazis. Education played a very important part in Nazi Germany in creating a loyal population of youth. The Nazis were aware that education would create loyal youth by the time they were adults. The pupils were made to believe in Hitler, and the youth movement made sure that they would not even think of opposing him. Education meant indoctrination. Hitler used the schools to reinforce Nazi ideas. The school computer programme was changed, to serve the Nazi purpose. Physical education, Biology, German and History were given special emphasis. knowledge had a armament slant to it and focussed on chemical warfare and explosives. Maths dealt with social issues and artillery calculations. History was changed in classes to up hold the glory of Germany, the treaty of Versailles was described as the work of jealous nations, and hyperinflation in 1923 was said to be the work of Jewish saboteurs. Biology became a study of the different races. It aimed to prove that the Nazi belief in Aryan racial superiority was correct. All teachers had to be accessed by local Nazi officials. Any teacher considered disloyal was sacked.Nazi curriculum classes were held during school holidays and most teachers attended. In 1933 the NSLB (National Socialist Teachers League) had 6,000 members, by 1937 it had 320,000 members. This meant that about 97% of all teachers had joined the NSLB. Teachers taught their pupils that Jews, and socialists were the cause of all Germanys problems. This is evident in exam questions that showed the governments anti-Semitic views, A bomber aircraft on take-off carries 12 dozen bombs, each weighing 10 kilos. The aircraft takes off for Warsaw the international pith for Jewry.It bombs the town. On take-off with all bombs on board and a fuel tank containing 100 kilos of fuel, the aircraft weighed about 8 tons. When it returns from the crusade, there are still 230 kilos left. What is the weight of the aircraft when asinine ? . Girls were indoctrinated into following the 3Ks Kinder (Children), Kiche (Kitchen) and Kirche (Church). Girls had to learn first aid and help on the land. But with the Nazis concerned about the falling birth rate and scared Germany would become a second class power, girls main aim was to reproduce.Hitler cherished a master race, so he encouraged women to produce Aryan babies. Organisations that promoted family planning were banned and doctors who carried out abortions on Aryan women were given a two year jail sentence. There were many youth organisations for girls to join, all controlled by the Fuhrer. Girls could join in the Jung Madel ( new(a) girls) amid the age of ten and fourteen. The Bund Deutscher Madel (the league of German maidens) for fourtee n to 18 year olds. And the Glaube und Conceit (faith and beauty school) for eighteen to twenty- ane year olds.The League of German Girls offered a chance for them to get out of the house and do sport, singing, hiking camping, etc. In the League of German Girls could escape from the ties of domesticity and from the female role-model of child care and devotion to family As with the girls, youth organisations were set up for boys. There was the Pimpfen (little fellows) for six to ten year olds, ten to fourteen year olds had to pass an exam to join the Deutches Jungvolk and Hitlerjugend for fourteen to eighteen year olds.After this the young adults would join either the Reich Labour service or the Wehrmacht. There was as well as a patrol service who would check that all the members of the Hitler juvenility were looking smart and that they were carrying a clean handkerchief and comb. Young boys were taught to concentrated on boxing, shooting, marching, athletic contest and military e xercises. Hitler had stated that he valued boys who could fall behind pain a young German must be as tough as leather, and as hard as Krupps steel. group games were in addition encouraged because it gave boys a sense of unity.Most boys were made to take proficiency tests, these tests involved marches. On average the boys had to march 15 miles a day. These journeys were aimed at teaching young boys the history of their ancestors. Both boys and girls would go to summer camp. Summer camps promoted unify and the idea of working in a team. It is obvious that education policies and the admission of the Hitler Youth was aimed at preparing the youth of Germany for war. Hitler wanted a thousand year Reich, and wanted the German youth to understand the imperative of war.Baulder von Schirach was appointed Youth draw of the German Reich in June 1933 and it was his objective to make the Hitler Youth the leading German youth organisation. When Schirach took over leadershiphip in 1933 the Hitler Youth had 55,000 members. Various methods were used to conduct boys to join the Hitler Youth. Teachers influenced youngsters to join, it became difficult for those outside the Hitler Youth to get jobs and apprenticeships were granted to members.Although membership rose significantly, in March 1939 it became compulsory to join the Hitler Youth and it claimed 7. million members, What speedily became the largest youth organisation in the world subscribed to the philosophy of youth leading youth. The first purpose of the Hitler Youth was to prepare and train young boys to become soldiers of the third Reich, that the nazis would have full control off. Hitler had always held the same three main aims to reverse the Treaty of Versailles, to unite all the German-speaking pot and to grant the nation more living space (lebensraum). Hitler knew he not achieve these aims alone, and therefore he needed a strong, dependable, loyal multitude.The young boys of Germany were waiver to be t his army, and the young girls of Germany were qualifying to give birth to his new soldiers. He took children early, and put a lot of effort into making the Hitler Youth an organisation with military instincts. To achieve the great army Hitler craved the nazis had to incorporate military training with psychological preparation. An important part of this aim was the Hitler Youths military athletics (wehrsport). This included war activities, which taught the youth psychical strength and military tactics that soldiers would need in war.For example grenade throwing, needed on a battlefield, trench shaft gave boys strength and endurance, map reading taught intelligence and teamwork. Also activities like wrestling matches between boys were arranged to prove how manly they were, It was the National Socialist youth leaders method that everything took the form of competitions. The Hitler Youth boys were taught to pick on the weaker members within each group. If a boy lost a wrestling match or failed in a task, they were picked on. Severe cross country hikes and marches left boys in hospital.This shows how far the Nazis would go in search of their beliefs to create a perfect, Aryan army. Boys also had to learn Nazi dogma, (nazi beliefs) and once they passed the necessary tests they were given a special dagger marked Blood and Honour which was more propaganda for the boys to train hard. They all wanted to achieve this special dagger, it gave the boys an aim, and a feeling of achievement when they fulfilled their challenge. For those who failed, they suffered great humiliation. The second purpose of the Hitler Youth movement was to prepare young men psychologically for war, through a flooding of Nazi ideology.Training the boys, making them strong, and preparing their bodies for fighting, would not be sufficient enough, Hitler had to prepare the youths minds too. Forcing Nazi ideals on children chiefly depended on teachers, and Hitler Youth Movement (HYM) group leaders d elivering them. Hitler knew that if boys were going to die for him he would have to give them a reason to. This was also the case with girls, if they were going to give up their jobs, and lives, to give birth to large numbers of pure German babies they had to have a reason to.He wanted to indoctrinate young people so that they accepted Nazi ideas, beliefs, and values to become ideal nazis the building blocks for the peoples community. Hitler seized advantage of the young and innocent minds plaguing them with Nazi ideology. The HYM meetings were shaped to allow for this, they gave lectures and speeches on the superiority of the Aryan race and the evil of the communists and the Jewish. Like the HYM the school curriculum was designed to reinforce the Nazi values. The curriculum was ripped apart as subjects tried to prove that the nazis were superior. Racial instruction started at the age of 6.Nazi leaders had children under their full control at all times, as Hitler Youth membership b ecame compulsory. Propaganda techniques including movies, radio, posters and magazines, aswell as the education system and Hitler Youth meetings all influenced the opinions of the youth. The third purpose of the Hitler Youth was teach boys to become future leaders of the Nazi society. Hitler wanted his Reich to prosper for a thousand years, and he wanted superiority over other nations.He wanted Germany to be a super-power. To do this he needed the outstrip Generals, Officers, Senior Officers, etc. nd the Hitler movement was structured to accomplish his aim. Those boys who were considered physically fitter and stronger than the rest went to Adolf Hitler Schools. Here, they were taught to become the future leaders of Germany. The very best pupils went to Order Castles. Here pupils were trained to the limits of physical endurance. Students endured 6 years of tough training and those who graduated at 18 from Order Castles would be granted a high position in the army or the SS (Hitlers personal army). The fourth purpose of the Hitler Youth movement was to hold back loyalty to the fuehrer himself.Hitler knew that he had ensure that children were not open to any ideas, and were just fed nazi propaganda. He needed them under his full control, and had many different ways of achieving this. Nazis censored pic and radio in a bid to glorify Hitler. As children walked to school Hitlers speechs would be on the radio, when they went to films with their friends, commercials glorifying Hitler would appear. Young minds were banned from earreach to American radio stations, for fear that non-nazi influences would pollute their minds and bring them the truth.They were made to believe that the Nazi way, was the only way. When trying to capture these young minds, hearts, and souls, the Nazis offered many incentives. The nazis gave a purpose to children and a sense of belonging and importance. The Nazis controlled young rebelliousness into aggressive military activities. They wan ted to make sure that the youths had no reason to object, and rebel, and incentives such(prenominal) as uniforms, knives, drums, etc. kept them happy. Although sometimes severe, beatings and canings to rebels occurred. These were used as examples to stop others from attempting to rebel.This is evident when looking at the edelweiss pirates. They opposed the Nazis by beating up Hitler Youth members, and writing anti-nazi slogans on the walls. 283 gang members were arrested, resulting in 124 pirates being executed. The Gestapo and Hitler Youth brought to bear an armoury of repressive measures that ranged from individual warnings, temporary detentionto criminal running or death . The fifth purpose of the Hitler Youth involved the fact that the Nazis wanted to Restructure German society, and the selection process.Hitler needed a strong, and pure government, one that would not fail as the Weimar republic did. He abandoned the democratic selection process, as he knew that this may result in being a risk to his Reich. To achieve his aims, the youth movement was presented models and ideals of what they should be like when they grew older. For example, propaganda posters showing ideal families were used, girls were taught to wear simple clothes, tie their hair in a bun, and discourage from work. Whereas boys were encouraged to be strong and militant.Those boys who achieved the ideal nazi characteristics, like strong physical ability were rewarded with a position high in the system. Girls that bared children were also rewarded on a special day that was Hitlers Mothers birthday. Hitler also knew that for children to become close leaders, they had to take responsibility and urged them to inform teachers if they heard anyone denouncing Nazi beliefs, or not adhering to Nazi ideals, Denunciations of parents by children was encouraged, not least by school teachers who set essays entitled- what does your family talk about at home? .The Hitler youth patrols co-operated with t he Gestapo and were trained in policing, merchandise control, and fire fighting. This motive was effective, and helped Hitler create a whole new generation who helped in sustaining fear in the opposition by acting as informants, in Hitlers totalitarian terror-state . It is evident that the Hitler Youth movement was carefully structured and shaped to allow for its many different aims. However it is obviously that the prospect of war was a key theme throughout all the possible purposes for the Hitler Youth, the desired educational goal of the technically skilled yet soldierly warrior.Young children had Nazi ideas influencing them at all times, not only whilst they were at school but also from films, music, media, friends, church and family. Even whilst they were at Nuremberg rallies, they would be shown extracts of last years rallies and how the older generation were enthusiastic supporters of the Nazi State. Hitler made a speech at the Nuremberg Rally, 14 September 1935, in which he stated the exact disposition and purpose of the Hitler Youth. What we look for from German youth is different from what people wanted in the past.In our eyes the German youth of the future must be slim, slender, and as swift as the greyhound. They were indoctrinated with the idea that they had to sacrifice themselves for the good of the Fuhrer and Germany. This Cradle to Grave control, was enforced to create the Nazis of the future and indoctrinate them into thinking that they had to sacrifice themselves for the good of the nation. The positive reasons for joining the Hitler Youth were that there were children from all classes of families and there were no social or class distinctions.Also the appeal of the Hitler Youth was the novelty, the drill, the uniform, the camp animateness and the fact that school and parental control and home took a back seat compared to the community of young people. However shortly before Germany lost the war, Germany effect themselves drastically run ning out of adult fighting men so youth members were forced onto the front. They were too young, had little training, no experience, and facing an allied army determined to win, it was evident the Hitler Youth was not as well-prepared for war as Hitler thought.