Gender Roles in The Cosby Show Essay - 1530 Words

Gender Roles in The Cosby Show On September 20, 1984 a show aired that changed the way we view gender roles on television. Television still perpetuates traditional gender stereotypes and in reflecting them TV reinforces them by presenting them as the norm (Chandler, 1). The Cosby Show, challenged the typical gender stereotyping of television, daring to go against the dominant social values of its time period. In its challenge of the dominant social view, the show redefined the portrayal of male and female roles in television. It redefined the gender role in the work place, in social expectations, and in household responsibilities. The Cosby Show supported Freidan in her view of â€Å"castigating the phony happy housewife heroine of the†¦show more content†¦She was very outgoing, comical, and always concerned herself with family problems and situations. The characters of The Cosby Show had many gender-typed mannerisms that went against the typical stereotypes shown on television. Shows like Married with Children and The Wonder Years grossly portrayed the male role of a working man, who wasn’t involved in household tasks. These shows also emphasized the female role of a housewife. The Cosby show defied these stereotypes. Cliff cared about what went on in the household and Clair cared about her career and advancing it tremendously. Sondra was very goal-oriented and had a future planned with a wonderful career like her mother. All these mannerisms went against the gender stereotype of the time. The women of this show were typically the powerful characters. Cliff and Clair’s opinion were of equal value in all decision-making situations and more often than not Clair’s opinion was of greater authority. Clair’s power also showed when Cliff’s habit of eating unhealthy foods was getting out of control and n eeded to end. She always made sure he ate right, and whenever Cliff had the chance of eating something unhealthy, he was always afraid of the wrath of Clair if he was caught. The women of the show also showed their sheer power just in numbers, outnumbering the men 5:2. The Cosby Show did a good job of not getting the characters into a double bind. GregoryShow MoreRelatedThe Cosby Show, Challenging Gender Ideals1546 Words   |  7 PagesSeptember 20, 1984 a show aired that changed the way we view gender roles on television. Television still perpetuates traditional gender stereotypes and in reflecting them TV reinforces them by presenting them as the norm (Chandler, 1). The Cosby Show, challenged the typical gender stereotyping of television, daring to go against the dominant social values of its time period. In its challenge of the dominant social view, the show redefined the portrayal of male and female roles in television. 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Comparative Study of Organic Farming Policy of M.P,...

Ecosystem Sustainability Management TOPIC Comparative Study of organic Farming Policy of M.P, Sikkim, Karnataka and Kerala states of India In the comparative study of Organic Farming Policies of M.P, Kerala, Karnataka and Sikkim state we will try to find out whether the policy is meant for the farmers interest or just to fulfil the interest of the MNCs or Farm Input Supplier Companies. In this whole document we will try to find out how the policy is addressing the following issuesï  ¶ Is the main thrust on livelihoods and improving net returns of farmers, or is it about export and niche markets? ï  ¶ Does the policy emphasise on internalisation of farm inputs or is it created for providing opportunities to the organic industry, where†¦show more content†¦The state also ensures the promotion of organic farming in the state by strengthening State Organic Certification agency and establishing Organic Farming Research and Development Institute in the state, National Organic Farming University, Community base Organic Growers, traders and Processors. The state is also interested in ensuring standard quality of the organic produce by setting up of Quality Control Laboratories in the state but the government needs to intervene with the private players in order to channelize the quality assurance, packaging and pricing delivery mechanism through some quasi legal and statutory provisions. The Policy advocates of organic farming in Public –Private-Community Partnership to make the policy mission a successful one. The Ministry of Agriculture of the state and Rajya Krishak Ayog will coordinate with all other departments like Rural Development, Public Relation, Horticulture, Forestry, Food Processing, Animal Husbandry, Veterinary, Page | 3 ESM TERM PAPER Energy, water resources, urban development and Education etc. and other stakeholders of the policy to direct them for successful implementation of the project. But the policy failed to explain how, when in which manner the policy will be coordinated among various departments. The backward linkage has been planned well in the sense that the policy advocates about establishing a â€Å"Primary Organic

Multiple Access Techniques In Wireless-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Provide an Opinion regarding which antenna types will become the dominant players in the future of medium- and long-distance Wireless link. 2.Compare and Contrast the Multiplexing techniques CDMA and FDMA in the area of Wireless Networking? Answers: 1.Antennas devices that are used in wireless communication as propagation components for radio frequency signals. These devices will convert the electric signals into electromagnetic waves and vice versa which facilitate communication through the radio spectrum where no physical mediums are used. Moreover, antennas can be classified based on their propagation designs which depict certain patterns as highlighted by their signals lobes (NRAO, 2010). Types of antennas: Omni-directional antennas these antennas transfer or receive signals in all directions without any form of restriction. Semi-directional antennas propagate signals in multiple directions, however, they are limited or restricted in certain directions. Directional antennas one direction antennas, which means they can only ferry signals in specific directions (Rouse, 2017). Common examples: Yagi Uda (Yagi) antenna an example of directional antennas, the Yagi antenna is popularly used in broadcasting where it acts as a reception tool for television sets. Its affiliated with long distance application, an attribute caused by its design structure. Strengths It has a high sense of directivity which concentrate signals in one direction. High gains due to the attribute above. Its a simple device made of metallic rods. Weaknesses The high gain stated above is limited to its size (proportional). Secondly, the gain only reaches 20dB. Horn antenna another directional antenna that is characterised with very high gains. This antenna consists of a pyramid-like structure that flares out toward its extreme end. This structure increases its signal reception and transmission areas which favour its gains. Its commonly used with ultra-high signals e.g. microwave signals (Radio-electronics, 2017). Strengths As stated above, it exhibits very high gains due to its flare like structure. Secondly, its a directional antenna that has high levels of directivity. Weaknesses It's sometimes complex to implement and install. Similar to other directional antennas, its gains are limited to its size(Carr, 2012). Cellular antenna an example of an Omni-directional antenna, this antenna is characterised with mobile communication where its size facilitates its integration into small devices such as smartphones, tablets and other portable devices. The cellular antenna may transfer signals in all directions, however, its lack of directivity limits its gains (Carr, 2012). Strengths It has an optimal amplifying capability. Secondly, its an efficient device that has a convenient structure for mobile communication. Weaknesses Directivity is extremely limited in the device. Secondly, it has limited gains which result in small coverage distance (Cisco, 2007). Medium and long distance coverage Considering the devices that are currently used in this application, the directional antennas seems to hold a strong footing in the future application of long distance wireless communication. For medium and long distance coverage, the user requires high levels of directivity in order to focus the signals in specific directions. This operation method makes the process efficient as minimal resources are spent in the propagation of signals. Future technologies will try to optimise on the available resources such as power and cost, an outcome that is easily facilitated by directional antennas such as horn and Yagi Uda. 2.Multiplexing this is a telecommunication technique that combines multiple signals into one common element that is transferred via a single communication channel. This technique is vital to wireless communication as it facilitates the sharing of the radio spectrum, a communication medium that has limited operational space. In all, multiplexing will optimise the resource available especially the bandwidth. Nevertheless, the technique should also ensure that signal interference does not happen which constitutes the different multiplexing techniques as designated by their operation methods (TECH, 2011). The multiplexing techniques: Code division multiple access (CDMA): one of the many techniques used to support the multiplexing process in communication. CDMA uses pseudo-codes (unique codes) to share the channel of communication. Moreover, in this technique, the signals are assigned a unique set of codes which are used to identify them to both the transmitter and receiver. Characteristics of CDMA Unlike other multiplexing techniques, signals in CDMA use the entire bandwidth available during communication i.e. no space allocation. CDMA is associated with the propagation of both video and data signals. Devices having the same codes can communicate with each other. Codes are the defining factor of the technique(Zahra, 2015). Frequency division multiple access (FDMA): In comparison to CDMA, FDMA uses frequency and not codes to propagate multiple signals in single channels. Furthermore, the technique uses a number of sub-band frequencies to assign space within the radio spectrum. Therefore, the users are allocated bandwidth and do not use the entire radio spectrum. Characteristics The technique allocates space based on the number of signals and their bandwidth requirement. Its commonly characterised with idle channels as it does not re-assign frequency bands. To avoid signal interference, filters are used. Frequency is the defining component of the technique (Zahra, 2015) A comparison of the two techniques CDMA FDMA The technique uses codes to identify and separate the propagated signals. Frequency bands divide the radio spectrum (channel) into the sections needed for communication. In CDMA, signals use the entire bandwidth without any form of restriction or allocation. Signals are restricted by their frequency bands as allocated at the start of communication. No idle time, the entire spectrum is used by all the signals. Associated with idle time, when certain bands are not in use. Used for both video and data communication. Voice signals are commonly used with this technique (corps, 2000). References Carr, J. (2012). Directional or Omnidirectional antenna? Joe Carr's Radio Tech-notes, Retrieved 14 August, 2017, from: https://www.dxing.com/tnotes/tnote01.pdf. Cisco. (2007). Omni Antenna vs. Directional Antenna. WLAN, Retrieved 19 August, 2017, from: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/wireless-mobility/wireless-lan-wlan/82068-omni-vs-direct.html. NRAO. (2010). Antenna Fundamentals. Antenna Fundamentals, Retrieved 19 August, 2017, from: https://www.cv.nrao.edu/course/astr534/PDFnewfiles/AntennaTheory.pdf. Radio-electronics. (2017). Microwave Horn Antenna. Antennas and propagation, Retrieved 19 August, 2017, from: www.radio-electronics.com/info/antennas/horn_antenna/horn_antenna.php. Rouse, M. (2017). Horn antenna. Research gate, Retrieved 17 August, 2017, from: https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/horn-antenna. TECH, M. C. (2011). Multiple access techniques for wireless communications. wireless mobile communication , Retrieved 19 August, 2017, from: https://www.slideshare.net/HILDA519/multiple-access-techniques-for-wireless-communications. Zahra. (2015). FDMA-TDMA-CDMA. Multiple access techniques in wireless communication, Retrieved 16 August, 2017, from: https://www.slideshare.net/SammarKhan2/fdmatdmacdma.

Psychotherapy Essay Example

Psychotherapy Essay Psychotherapy Research: Logotherapy Jonathan Guillen Langara College Abstract This paper is intended to describe and provide examples of logotherapy and where it came from. Logotherapy was developed by Viktor Frankl and is used to help clients perceive their own life and try to find meaning for it. The process of logotherapy is based on the idea that our primary motivation to life is to find meaning. This Unique form of therapy uses the idea of meaning like no other therapy has. It has received generally positive criticism and is still in use today to help people deal with anxiety disorders. LOGOTHERAPY The term â€Å"Logotherapy,† which is founded by Viktor Frankl, is derived from the Greek word, â€Å"logos†, which means â€Å"meaning†. The word â€Å"therapy† deals with the treatment for disorders. Frankl’s concept is based on the idea that our primary motivation in life is to find a meaning in life. Logotherapy was first published in 1938 Viktor Frankl and Logotherapy. During his early teenage years, Frankl became interested in psychology and even though he was in high school he also attended college psychology classes. He became interested in Sigmund Freud’s work and sent an article to him, titled â€Å"Internationale Zeitschrift fur Psycholanalyse† to which he accepted. But by the time it was published, Frankle was now influenced by Adler’s work. At 17, Frankl lectured at his college and discussed a topic on the meaning of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychotherapy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Psychotherapy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Psychotherapy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer His two main points were that â€Å"life does not answer our questions about the meaning of life but rather puts those questions on us,† and â€Å"the ultimate meaning of life is beyond the grasp of our intellect, but is something we only can live by, without ever being able to define it cognitively† After Adler established his school of psychology around the same time the First World War ended, many people had the existential question of the meaning of life, which was of course what Frankl took advantage of. In 1930, new concepts and coined new terms, namely, Logotherapy. ‘With the rise of Hitler, Frankl was taken to a concentration camp. Although he was stripped of everything, during this time he managed to write his book Aerztliche Seelsorge, later published in English as â€Å"The Doctor and the Soul. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ â€Å"The Doctor and the Soul† had Frankl’s theories. The 3 tenets of Logotherapy were tested in the camps in which he was in. 1. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable ones. 2. Our main motivation for living is our will to find meaning in life. 3. We have freedom to find meaning in what we do, and what we experience, or a least in the stand we take when faced with a situation of unchangeable suffering. After his release, Frankl refined and strengthened the idea of Logotherapy. He worked at a hospital where he would practice his methods on patients Assumptions There are several assumptions in Logotherapy, which like any other form of psychotherapy, cannot be proven or disproven with any absolution. The Logotherapy Institute states that â€Å"to see if these assumptions make sense in our lives, we must assume that they are true. The following list is the assumptions of Logotherapy as listed on the Logotherapy Institute website. 1. â€Å"The human being is an entity consisting of body, mind, and spirit. 2. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable. 3. People have a will to meaning. 4. People have freedom under all circumstances to activate the will to find meaning. 5. Life has a demand quality to which p eople must respond if decisions are to be meaningful. 6. The individual is unique. â€Å"The first assumption deals with the body (soma), mind (psyche), and spirit (noos). According to Frankl, the body and mind are what we have and the spirit is what we are. Assumption two is â€Å"ultimate meaning†. This is difficult to grasp but it is something everyone experiences and it represents an order in a world with laws that go beyond human laws. The third assumption is seen as our main motivation for living and acting. When we see meaning we are ready for any type of suffering. This is considered to be different than our will to achieve power and pleasure. Assumption four is that we are free to activate our will to find meaning and this can be done nder any circumstances. This deals with change of attitudes about unavoidable fate. Frankl was able to test the first four assumptions when he was confined in the concentration camps. The fifth assumption, the meaning of the moment, is more practical in daily living than ultimate meaning. Unlike ultimate meaning this meaning can be found and fulfilled. This can be done by following the values of society or by following the voice of our conscience. The sixth assumption deals with one’s sense of meaning. This is enhanced by the realization that we are irreplaceable. Key Concepts Frankls approach is based on three concepts: * Freedom of Will * Will to Meaning, * Meaning in Life Freedom of Will According to Logotherapy, we are free to make decisions and we are capable of taking our stance towards psychological and biological or social conditions. Freedom is defined by Logotherapy as the space of shaping ones own life within the limits of the given possibilities. Our freedom comes from the spiritual dimension of the person. As spiritual people, we are autonomous beings capable of actively shaping our lives. The idea of freedom of will plays an important role in psychotherapy, in that it provides clients with room for autonomous action even in the face of somatic or psychological illness. It will help them cope with their symptoms and will be able to take control of their lives and gain some determination to take control. Will to Meaning This concept describes humans as striving to achieve goals and finding a purpose. This is derived from the idea that our primary motivation is to find a meaning in life. If we cannot realize our Will to Meaning, we pose our existential questions and consider ourselves to be meaningless and feel a sense of emptiness. This frustration of the need to be able to find meaning and not being able to could lead to aggression, addiction, depression and possible suicide and could increase neurotic disorders. Logotherapy/Existential Analysis (LTEA) assists clients in perceiving and removing the factors that hold them back from pursuing meaningful goals in their lives. Clients are assisted in the perception of meaning potentials; clients are not offered specific meanings. Instead, they are guided and assisted in finding out their own meanings and purposes that could be possible for their own lives, on their own. Meaning in Life LTEA is based on the idea that meaning is not an illusion, but an actual obtainable substance. According to LTEA humans try their hardest to do the best for themselves and for their surroundings by finding a meaning in every situation of each moment. The meaning potentials are continually changing based on the current situation of a person. LTEA does not tell or offer a meaning to client, but instead, helps the client achieve the ability to shape their own lives in a meaningful way to help them find their own meaning in their own lives. Therapeutic techniques Paradoxical Intention Paradoxical Intention is used for those with compulsive disorders and anxiety disorders. The idea is to get the client to expose themselves intentionally or to wish for a situation that creates anxiety. This is used to break the cycle of a symptom that creates a symptom that is so feared that the anxiety rises, and thus, creates that very symptom one feared. A popular case study is the case of the sweating doctor: â€Å"A young doctor had severe hydrophobia. One day, meeting his chief on the street, as he extended his hand in greeting, he noticed that he was perspiring more than usual. The next time he was in a similar situation he expected to perspire again, and this anticipatory anxiety precipitated excessive sweating. It was a vicious circle †¦ We advised our patient, in the event that his anticipatory anxiety should recur, to resolve deliberately to show the people whom he confronted at the time just how much he could really sweat. A week later he returned to report that whenever he met anyone who triggered his anxiety, he said to himself, I only sweated out a litre before, but now Im going to pour out at least ten litres ! What was the result of this paradoxical resolution ? After suffering from his phobia for four years, he was quickly able, after only one session, to free himself of it for good. (from Pyschotherapy and Existentialism, p 139)† Dereflexion Dereflexion is used for those with Sexual disorders and sleeplessness and also for anxiety disorders. The aim of this technique is to get the client to obtain focus on something different than the problem, presumably, something more positive or meaningful. For example, if the client is not able to sleep and they try too hard to fall asleep that it is keeping them awake, their thoughts must be diverted. Socratic dialogue / modification of attitudes Socratic dialogue is often used by logotherapists, they use this to help the client be aware of, at least, the possibility to fine the freedom to find and/or fulfill the meaning in life. Logotherapy and Other Therapies Psychoanalysis In Psychoanalysis Adler and Freud both focus on the past problems whereas Logotherapy   focuses   rather on the future, that is to say,   on   the   meanings   to   be   fulfilled   in   his future† (Frankl, 1984, p. 120). Psychoanalysis also focuses on the â€Å"Will to Power† and the â€Å"Will to pleasure† whereas Frankl believes that the main striving for mankind is to find a meaning, and pleasure is merely what happens when one finds meaning. Existential Logotherapy is often considered to be part of existential analysis because they both deal with guiding a patient when existential questions are asked. Logotherapy helps the client find the â€Å"hidden logo of his existence. † (Frankl, 1984, p. 125) this is said to be an analytical approach; however, there is a difference. Logotherapy is a spiritual oriented approach whereas existential is an analytical process in which the clients spiritual needs are addressed. Person-Centered Therapy It is claimed by many, that logotherapy is a person-centered therapy that focuses heavily on the future Gestalt Therapy Gestalt is similar in that it is existential therapy, but it also incorporates phenomenological approaches. Gestalt is based on the idea that people must be â€Å"understood in the context of their environment. †(Gerald Corey, 2009, p198) Gestalt focuses on the perceptions of reality, as well as the idea that people are always discovering themselves and life, based on their environment. Logotherapy focuses only on the meaning of life to cure current problems and have a better future. Criticism Logotherapy has been mostly favourable by psychologists. Some strengths of logotherapy include the inspiration of Frankl’s life. If people understood what experiences he had during the holocaust, people would be able to find hope in smaller istuations. Logotherapy is simple to understand, and could really change ones life and enhance it. It speaks mostly of meaning, which is not usually addressed in most other therapies. There have a been very few negative criticisms, including that logotherapy may be too authoritarian, not scientific enough, based on intuition, and not enough things are covered, so some may call it too narrow as well. Some have said that it is only an excuse for Frankl for not being able to deal with people with existential problems