Gender Roles in The Cosby Show Essay - 1530 Words

Gender Roles in The Cosby Show On September 20, 1984 a show aired that changed the way we view gender roles on television. Television still perpetuates traditional gender stereotypes and in reflecting them TV reinforces them by presenting them as the norm (Chandler, 1). The Cosby Show, challenged the typical gender stereotyping of television, daring to go against the dominant social values of its time period. In its challenge of the dominant social view, the show redefined the portrayal of male and female roles in television. It redefined the gender role in the work place, in social expectations, and in household responsibilities. The Cosby Show supported Freidan in her view of â€Å"castigating the phony happy housewife heroine of the†¦show more content†¦She was very outgoing, comical, and always concerned herself with family problems and situations. The characters of The Cosby Show had many gender-typed mannerisms that went against the typical stereotypes shown on television. Shows like Married with Children and The Wonder Years grossly portrayed the male role of a working man, who wasn’t involved in household tasks. These shows also emphasized the female role of a housewife. The Cosby show defied these stereotypes. Cliff cared about what went on in the household and Clair cared about her career and advancing it tremendously. Sondra was very goal-oriented and had a future planned with a wonderful career like her mother. All these mannerisms went against the gender stereotype of the time. The women of this show were typically the powerful characters. Cliff and Clair’s opinion were of equal value in all decision-making situations and more often than not Clair’s opinion was of greater authority. Clair’s power also showed when Cliff’s habit of eating unhealthy foods was getting out of control and n eeded to end. She always made sure he ate right, and whenever Cliff had the chance of eating something unhealthy, he was always afraid of the wrath of Clair if he was caught. The women of the show also showed their sheer power just in numbers, outnumbering the men 5:2. The Cosby Show did a good job of not getting the characters into a double bind. GregoryShow MoreRelatedThe Cosby Show, Challenging Gender Ideals1546 Words   |  7 PagesSeptember 20, 1984 a show aired that changed the way we view gender roles on television. Television still perpetuates traditional gender stereotypes and in reflecting them TV reinforces them by presenting them as the norm (Chandler, 1). The Cosby Show, challenged the typical gender stereotyping of television, daring to go against the dominant social values of its time period. In its challenge of the dominant social view, the show redefined the portrayal of male and female roles in television. 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Comparative Study of Organic Farming Policy of M.P,...

Ecosystem Sustainability Management TOPIC Comparative Study of organic Farming Policy of M.P, Sikkim, Karnataka and Kerala states of India In the comparative study of Organic Farming Policies of M.P, Kerala, Karnataka and Sikkim state we will try to find out whether the policy is meant for the farmers interest or just to fulfil the interest of the MNCs or Farm Input Supplier Companies. In this whole document we will try to find out how the policy is addressing the following issuesï  ¶ Is the main thrust on livelihoods and improving net returns of farmers, or is it about export and niche markets? ï  ¶ Does the policy emphasise on internalisation of farm inputs or is it created for providing opportunities to the organic industry, where†¦show more content†¦The state also ensures the promotion of organic farming in the state by strengthening State Organic Certification agency and establishing Organic Farming Research and Development Institute in the state, National Organic Farming University, Community base Organic Growers, traders and Processors. The state is also interested in ensuring standard quality of the organic produce by setting up of Quality Control Laboratories in the state but the government needs to intervene with the private players in order to channelize the quality assurance, packaging and pricing delivery mechanism through some quasi legal and statutory provisions. The Policy advocates of organic farming in Public –Private-Community Partnership to make the policy mission a successful one. The Ministry of Agriculture of the state and Rajya Krishak Ayog will coordinate with all other departments like Rural Development, Public Relation, Horticulture, Forestry, Food Processing, Animal Husbandry, Veterinary, Page | 3 ESM TERM PAPER Energy, water resources, urban development and Education etc. and other stakeholders of the policy to direct them for successful implementation of the project. But the policy failed to explain how, when in which manner the policy will be coordinated among various departments. The backward linkage has been planned well in the sense that the policy advocates about establishing a â€Å"Primary Organic

Multiple Access Techniques In Wireless-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Provide an Opinion regarding which antenna types will become the dominant players in the future of medium- and long-distance Wireless link. 2.Compare and Contrast the Multiplexing techniques CDMA and FDMA in the area of Wireless Networking? Answers: 1.Antennas devices that are used in wireless communication as propagation components for radio frequency signals. These devices will convert the electric signals into electromagnetic waves and vice versa which facilitate communication through the radio spectrum where no physical mediums are used. Moreover, antennas can be classified based on their propagation designs which depict certain patterns as highlighted by their signals lobes (NRAO, 2010). Types of antennas: Omni-directional antennas these antennas transfer or receive signals in all directions without any form of restriction. Semi-directional antennas propagate signals in multiple directions, however, they are limited or restricted in certain directions. Directional antennas one direction antennas, which means they can only ferry signals in specific directions (Rouse, 2017). Common examples: Yagi Uda (Yagi) antenna an example of directional antennas, the Yagi antenna is popularly used in broadcasting where it acts as a reception tool for television sets. Its affiliated with long distance application, an attribute caused by its design structure. Strengths It has a high sense of directivity which concentrate signals in one direction. High gains due to the attribute above. Its a simple device made of metallic rods. Weaknesses The high gain stated above is limited to its size (proportional). Secondly, the gain only reaches 20dB. Horn antenna another directional antenna that is characterised with very high gains. This antenna consists of a pyramid-like structure that flares out toward its extreme end. This structure increases its signal reception and transmission areas which favour its gains. Its commonly used with ultra-high signals e.g. microwave signals (Radio-electronics, 2017). Strengths As stated above, it exhibits very high gains due to its flare like structure. Secondly, its a directional antenna that has high levels of directivity. Weaknesses It's sometimes complex to implement and install. Similar to other directional antennas, its gains are limited to its size(Carr, 2012). Cellular antenna an example of an Omni-directional antenna, this antenna is characterised with mobile communication where its size facilitates its integration into small devices such as smartphones, tablets and other portable devices. The cellular antenna may transfer signals in all directions, however, its lack of directivity limits its gains (Carr, 2012). Strengths It has an optimal amplifying capability. Secondly, its an efficient device that has a convenient structure for mobile communication. Weaknesses Directivity is extremely limited in the device. Secondly, it has limited gains which result in small coverage distance (Cisco, 2007). Medium and long distance coverage Considering the devices that are currently used in this application, the directional antennas seems to hold a strong footing in the future application of long distance wireless communication. For medium and long distance coverage, the user requires high levels of directivity in order to focus the signals in specific directions. This operation method makes the process efficient as minimal resources are spent in the propagation of signals. Future technologies will try to optimise on the available resources such as power and cost, an outcome that is easily facilitated by directional antennas such as horn and Yagi Uda. 2.Multiplexing this is a telecommunication technique that combines multiple signals into one common element that is transferred via a single communication channel. This technique is vital to wireless communication as it facilitates the sharing of the radio spectrum, a communication medium that has limited operational space. In all, multiplexing will optimise the resource available especially the bandwidth. Nevertheless, the technique should also ensure that signal interference does not happen which constitutes the different multiplexing techniques as designated by their operation methods (TECH, 2011). The multiplexing techniques: Code division multiple access (CDMA): one of the many techniques used to support the multiplexing process in communication. CDMA uses pseudo-codes (unique codes) to share the channel of communication. Moreover, in this technique, the signals are assigned a unique set of codes which are used to identify them to both the transmitter and receiver. Characteristics of CDMA Unlike other multiplexing techniques, signals in CDMA use the entire bandwidth available during communication i.e. no space allocation. CDMA is associated with the propagation of both video and data signals. Devices having the same codes can communicate with each other. Codes are the defining factor of the technique(Zahra, 2015). Frequency division multiple access (FDMA): In comparison to CDMA, FDMA uses frequency and not codes to propagate multiple signals in single channels. Furthermore, the technique uses a number of sub-band frequencies to assign space within the radio spectrum. Therefore, the users are allocated bandwidth and do not use the entire radio spectrum. Characteristics The technique allocates space based on the number of signals and their bandwidth requirement. Its commonly characterised with idle channels as it does not re-assign frequency bands. To avoid signal interference, filters are used. Frequency is the defining component of the technique (Zahra, 2015) A comparison of the two techniques CDMA FDMA The technique uses codes to identify and separate the propagated signals. Frequency bands divide the radio spectrum (channel) into the sections needed for communication. In CDMA, signals use the entire bandwidth without any form of restriction or allocation. Signals are restricted by their frequency bands as allocated at the start of communication. No idle time, the entire spectrum is used by all the signals. Associated with idle time, when certain bands are not in use. Used for both video and data communication. Voice signals are commonly used with this technique (corps, 2000). References Carr, J. (2012). Directional or Omnidirectional antenna? Joe Carr's Radio Tech-notes, Retrieved 14 August, 2017, from: https://www.dxing.com/tnotes/tnote01.pdf. Cisco. (2007). Omni Antenna vs. Directional Antenna. WLAN, Retrieved 19 August, 2017, from: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/wireless-mobility/wireless-lan-wlan/82068-omni-vs-direct.html. NRAO. (2010). Antenna Fundamentals. Antenna Fundamentals, Retrieved 19 August, 2017, from: https://www.cv.nrao.edu/course/astr534/PDFnewfiles/AntennaTheory.pdf. Radio-electronics. (2017). Microwave Horn Antenna. Antennas and propagation, Retrieved 19 August, 2017, from: www.radio-electronics.com/info/antennas/horn_antenna/horn_antenna.php. Rouse, M. (2017). Horn antenna. Research gate, Retrieved 17 August, 2017, from: https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/horn-antenna. TECH, M. C. (2011). Multiple access techniques for wireless communications. wireless mobile communication , Retrieved 19 August, 2017, from: https://www.slideshare.net/HILDA519/multiple-access-techniques-for-wireless-communications. Zahra. (2015). FDMA-TDMA-CDMA. Multiple access techniques in wireless communication, Retrieved 16 August, 2017, from: https://www.slideshare.net/SammarKhan2/fdmatdmacdma.

Psychotherapy Essay Example

Psychotherapy Essay Psychotherapy Research: Logotherapy Jonathan Guillen Langara College Abstract This paper is intended to describe and provide examples of logotherapy and where it came from. Logotherapy was developed by Viktor Frankl and is used to help clients perceive their own life and try to find meaning for it. The process of logotherapy is based on the idea that our primary motivation to life is to find meaning. This Unique form of therapy uses the idea of meaning like no other therapy has. It has received generally positive criticism and is still in use today to help people deal with anxiety disorders. LOGOTHERAPY The term â€Å"Logotherapy,† which is founded by Viktor Frankl, is derived from the Greek word, â€Å"logos†, which means â€Å"meaning†. The word â€Å"therapy† deals with the treatment for disorders. Frankl’s concept is based on the idea that our primary motivation in life is to find a meaning in life. Logotherapy was first published in 1938 Viktor Frankl and Logotherapy. During his early teenage years, Frankl became interested in psychology and even though he was in high school he also attended college psychology classes. He became interested in Sigmund Freud’s work and sent an article to him, titled â€Å"Internationale Zeitschrift fur Psycholanalyse† to which he accepted. But by the time it was published, Frankle was now influenced by Adler’s work. At 17, Frankl lectured at his college and discussed a topic on the meaning of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychotherapy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Psychotherapy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Psychotherapy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer His two main points were that â€Å"life does not answer our questions about the meaning of life but rather puts those questions on us,† and â€Å"the ultimate meaning of life is beyond the grasp of our intellect, but is something we only can live by, without ever being able to define it cognitively† After Adler established his school of psychology around the same time the First World War ended, many people had the existential question of the meaning of life, which was of course what Frankl took advantage of. In 1930, new concepts and coined new terms, namely, Logotherapy. ‘With the rise of Hitler, Frankl was taken to a concentration camp. Although he was stripped of everything, during this time he managed to write his book Aerztliche Seelsorge, later published in English as â€Å"The Doctor and the Soul. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ â€Å"The Doctor and the Soul† had Frankl’s theories. The 3 tenets of Logotherapy were tested in the camps in which he was in. 1. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable ones. 2. Our main motivation for living is our will to find meaning in life. 3. We have freedom to find meaning in what we do, and what we experience, or a least in the stand we take when faced with a situation of unchangeable suffering. After his release, Frankl refined and strengthened the idea of Logotherapy. He worked at a hospital where he would practice his methods on patients Assumptions There are several assumptions in Logotherapy, which like any other form of psychotherapy, cannot be proven or disproven with any absolution. The Logotherapy Institute states that â€Å"to see if these assumptions make sense in our lives, we must assume that they are true. The following list is the assumptions of Logotherapy as listed on the Logotherapy Institute website. 1. â€Å"The human being is an entity consisting of body, mind, and spirit. 2. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable. 3. People have a will to meaning. 4. People have freedom under all circumstances to activate the will to find meaning. 5. Life has a demand quality to which p eople must respond if decisions are to be meaningful. 6. The individual is unique. â€Å"The first assumption deals with the body (soma), mind (psyche), and spirit (noos). According to Frankl, the body and mind are what we have and the spirit is what we are. Assumption two is â€Å"ultimate meaning†. This is difficult to grasp but it is something everyone experiences and it represents an order in a world with laws that go beyond human laws. The third assumption is seen as our main motivation for living and acting. When we see meaning we are ready for any type of suffering. This is considered to be different than our will to achieve power and pleasure. Assumption four is that we are free to activate our will to find meaning and this can be done nder any circumstances. This deals with change of attitudes about unavoidable fate. Frankl was able to test the first four assumptions when he was confined in the concentration camps. The fifth assumption, the meaning of the moment, is more practical in daily living than ultimate meaning. Unlike ultimate meaning this meaning can be found and fulfilled. This can be done by following the values of society or by following the voice of our conscience. The sixth assumption deals with one’s sense of meaning. This is enhanced by the realization that we are irreplaceable. Key Concepts Frankls approach is based on three concepts: * Freedom of Will * Will to Meaning, * Meaning in Life Freedom of Will According to Logotherapy, we are free to make decisions and we are capable of taking our stance towards psychological and biological or social conditions. Freedom is defined by Logotherapy as the space of shaping ones own life within the limits of the given possibilities. Our freedom comes from the spiritual dimension of the person. As spiritual people, we are autonomous beings capable of actively shaping our lives. The idea of freedom of will plays an important role in psychotherapy, in that it provides clients with room for autonomous action even in the face of somatic or psychological illness. It will help them cope with their symptoms and will be able to take control of their lives and gain some determination to take control. Will to Meaning This concept describes humans as striving to achieve goals and finding a purpose. This is derived from the idea that our primary motivation is to find a meaning in life. If we cannot realize our Will to Meaning, we pose our existential questions and consider ourselves to be meaningless and feel a sense of emptiness. This frustration of the need to be able to find meaning and not being able to could lead to aggression, addiction, depression and possible suicide and could increase neurotic disorders. Logotherapy/Existential Analysis (LTEA) assists clients in perceiving and removing the factors that hold them back from pursuing meaningful goals in their lives. Clients are assisted in the perception of meaning potentials; clients are not offered specific meanings. Instead, they are guided and assisted in finding out their own meanings and purposes that could be possible for their own lives, on their own. Meaning in Life LTEA is based on the idea that meaning is not an illusion, but an actual obtainable substance. According to LTEA humans try their hardest to do the best for themselves and for their surroundings by finding a meaning in every situation of each moment. The meaning potentials are continually changing based on the current situation of a person. LTEA does not tell or offer a meaning to client, but instead, helps the client achieve the ability to shape their own lives in a meaningful way to help them find their own meaning in their own lives. Therapeutic techniques Paradoxical Intention Paradoxical Intention is used for those with compulsive disorders and anxiety disorders. The idea is to get the client to expose themselves intentionally or to wish for a situation that creates anxiety. This is used to break the cycle of a symptom that creates a symptom that is so feared that the anxiety rises, and thus, creates that very symptom one feared. A popular case study is the case of the sweating doctor: â€Å"A young doctor had severe hydrophobia. One day, meeting his chief on the street, as he extended his hand in greeting, he noticed that he was perspiring more than usual. The next time he was in a similar situation he expected to perspire again, and this anticipatory anxiety precipitated excessive sweating. It was a vicious circle †¦ We advised our patient, in the event that his anticipatory anxiety should recur, to resolve deliberately to show the people whom he confronted at the time just how much he could really sweat. A week later he returned to report that whenever he met anyone who triggered his anxiety, he said to himself, I only sweated out a litre before, but now Im going to pour out at least ten litres ! What was the result of this paradoxical resolution ? After suffering from his phobia for four years, he was quickly able, after only one session, to free himself of it for good. (from Pyschotherapy and Existentialism, p 139)† Dereflexion Dereflexion is used for those with Sexual disorders and sleeplessness and also for anxiety disorders. The aim of this technique is to get the client to obtain focus on something different than the problem, presumably, something more positive or meaningful. For example, if the client is not able to sleep and they try too hard to fall asleep that it is keeping them awake, their thoughts must be diverted. Socratic dialogue / modification of attitudes Socratic dialogue is often used by logotherapists, they use this to help the client be aware of, at least, the possibility to fine the freedom to find and/or fulfill the meaning in life. Logotherapy and Other Therapies Psychoanalysis In Psychoanalysis Adler and Freud both focus on the past problems whereas Logotherapy   focuses   rather on the future, that is to say,   on   the   meanings   to   be   fulfilled   in   his future† (Frankl, 1984, p. 120). Psychoanalysis also focuses on the â€Å"Will to Power† and the â€Å"Will to pleasure† whereas Frankl believes that the main striving for mankind is to find a meaning, and pleasure is merely what happens when one finds meaning. Existential Logotherapy is often considered to be part of existential analysis because they both deal with guiding a patient when existential questions are asked. Logotherapy helps the client find the â€Å"hidden logo of his existence. † (Frankl, 1984, p. 125) this is said to be an analytical approach; however, there is a difference. Logotherapy is a spiritual oriented approach whereas existential is an analytical process in which the clients spiritual needs are addressed. Person-Centered Therapy It is claimed by many, that logotherapy is a person-centered therapy that focuses heavily on the future Gestalt Therapy Gestalt is similar in that it is existential therapy, but it also incorporates phenomenological approaches. Gestalt is based on the idea that people must be â€Å"understood in the context of their environment. †(Gerald Corey, 2009, p198) Gestalt focuses on the perceptions of reality, as well as the idea that people are always discovering themselves and life, based on their environment. Logotherapy focuses only on the meaning of life to cure current problems and have a better future. Criticism Logotherapy has been mostly favourable by psychologists. Some strengths of logotherapy include the inspiration of Frankl’s life. If people understood what experiences he had during the holocaust, people would be able to find hope in smaller istuations. Logotherapy is simple to understand, and could really change ones life and enhance it. It speaks mostly of meaning, which is not usually addressed in most other therapies. There have a been very few negative criticisms, including that logotherapy may be too authoritarian, not scientific enough, based on intuition, and not enough things are covered, so some may call it too narrow as well. Some have said that it is only an excuse for Frankl for not being able to deal with people with existential problems

Different Views Essays - Fiction, Narratology, Style, Everyday Use

Different Views Different Views in Everyday Use In the story of ?Everyday Use? by Alice Walker the narrator told the story in a wonderful way. She was simple and I feel she gave a fair and just description of each character in the story. Her words put picture perfect description of the character in the reader's head. One example of this is when she gives a description of herself and said ?I am a large big-boned woman with rough man-working hands.? (72) This shows she is not trying to hide anything from the reader. I believe that if any of the other characters would tell the story it would show bitterness and bias towards certain aspects in the story. For example, Maggie seems to be a very shy person in the story. I feel that she would not be able to give a true description of the story in fear of being criticized. In the story Maggie is very self-conscious compared to a character like Dee who is very involved in herself and has much more self-confidence. Dee wears elaborate clothing and seems much more involved in herself than any of the other characters. When I read the line, ?Dee wanted nice things?, it showed me she seemed to very self-absorbed. (73) If she decided to tell the story in would very one sided. I feel the story is best told the way it is. Acceptance Essays

Dhurakijpundit University †Proposed Program Plan Scholarship Essay

Dhurakijpundit University – Proposed Program Plan Scholarship Essay Free Online Research Papers Dhurakijpundit University Proposed Program Plan Scholarship Essay Proposed Program Plan: Write a clear and detailed statement concerning your proposed major field of study, the specific area of your field, your study and professional objectives, and the reasons for undertaking this doctoral program. Explain the kind of program you wish to attend and how your proposed plan relates to your previous experience and your future goals. The statement should be completed in the space provided below. I decided to pursue a PhD because I believe that, for a scholar, it plays a significant role in achieving an excellence in his/her career in academia. In particular, I am confident that a PhD will equip me with essential knowledge and skills in doing research and teaching, thereby enhancing me to effectively switch my career path from banking to academic. Having stated as such, I commenced implementing my professional plan by attending the doctoral programme at Warwick Business School (WBS) two months ago. As a student of the strategic/general management group, I am particularly interested in the competitive advantage, its dynamic and strategies sub-areas. My doctoral thesis will be an empirical study of ‘corporate reputation’ as an intangible source of competitive advantage for firms in Thailand. This study will help Thai companies to understand how ‘corporate reputation’ can help them to compete with their rivals and how it can be built and maintained over time. I have chosen to do the aforementioned research topic at the WBS because of two main reasons. First, before I resigned from my previous employer, IFCT, I had heavily been involved in the strategy formulation function through the 5-year business planning and internal restructuring project. Those jobs were, indeed, intellectually exciting and have inspired me to come across from the finance to general/strategic management field. In my view, good overall strategies can render more sustainable competitive edge to any firms than a mere strength in their financial management. The recent Asian crisis is a clear example of my assertion about the importance of good strategies. The situation spoke for itself! Second, as the strategic/general management field has become of my supreme interest, I have decided to pursue my PhD at only schools which have world-class reputation in such area. Warwick Business School has obviously qualified as one of my first choices because it has several widely-known scholars, such as Professor Andrew Pettigrew, in its strategic management group. Additionally, it has excellent research facilities which can help me to achieve my doctoral research within an intended time frame. In conclusion, without undertaking a PhD, I am certain that I shall not be able to accomplish my professional goal to become a successful academic. Besides, several universities in Thailand have shown strong need for experienced lecturers with good research skill in strategic/general management. I am confident that my PhD education in such area will be considered useful to our country’s academic community as it will help me to fill the existing gap in the educational market. Research Papers on Dhurakijpundit University - Proposed Program Plan Scholarship EssayAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfResearch Process Part OneEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesOpen Architechture a white paperStandardized TestingTwilight of the UAWMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Compare and contrast Durkheims and Marxs analysis of Punishment in Essay

Compare and contrast Durkheims and Marxs analysis of Punishment in Modern Society - Essay Example According to the paper  punishment can be referred to as something that is painful. Punishment is something unpleasant imposed by an authority on an offender because of some wrongdoing. The purpose of punishment is to give justice to the victim and to discourage other people from following the same action in the future. If there is no authority involved then the action is more of a revenge than or an act of hostility rather than a punishment.This paper highlights that  Durkheim introduced two concepts. Firstly, societies evolved from mechanical (simple and non-specialized) to organic (complex and specialized). In a mechanical society people think and behave alike, and have the same goals. As a society becomes organic, its work becomes more complex, and the people are independent and impersonal. Secondly, he made a surprising argument that anomie would be worse in times of prosperity than in times of recession. His argument was that as prosperity increases, desires increase. At th e same time, traditional rules have lost their authority. Individuals cannot find their place in the society without clear rules to help them.  In the long run, criminals and crimes are a necessary part of the society for its evolution and development of law and morality. Therefore, in this sense it is useful. Not only does it help in differentiating between right and wrong, but it also has a vanguard quality. According to Durkheim, crime can appear as an anticipation of the morality to come.  

Organizational Issues and Trends Questions Essay

Organizational Issues and Trends Questions - Essay Example Most employees perceive orgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l politics Ð °s one of the most importÐ °nt fÐ °ctors which support positive climÐ °te Ð °nd morÐ °le. This dynÐ °mic interrelÐ °tionship provides one with the Ð °bility to tÐ °lk to oneself in terms of the community to which one belongs Ð °nd lÐ °y upon oneself the responsibilities thÐ °t belong to the community. OrgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l politics involves Ð °ll importÐ °nt issues which help the society Ð °nd the orgÐ °nizÐ °tion to sÐ °ve nÐ °turÐ °l environment tÐ °king into Ð °ccount morÐ °l duties Ð °nd responsibilities for current Ð °nd future generÐ °tions. This politics cÐ °n be interpreted Ð °s Ð ° philosophy of the industry Ð °nd its morÐ °l guide. OrgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l politics helps mÐ °nÐ °gement to creÐ °te positive Ð °ttitudes Ð °nd strong vÐ °lues, increÐ °se productivity Ð °nd improve performÐ °nce (Certo and Certo 2005). 2. MÐ °nÐ °gement of stress, Ð °n integrÐ °l pÐ °rt of orgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l behÐ °vior, hÐ °s Ð °ssumed Ð ° vitÐ °l strÐ °tegic role Ð °s orgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l Ð °ttempt to compete through people. The compÐ °ny creÐ °tes Ð ° competitive Ð °dvÐ °ntÐ °ge when it possesses or develops humÐ °n resources thÐ °t Ð °re psychologicÐ °lly strong, Ð °nd orgÐ °nized. My orgÐ °nizÐ °tion uses different techniques to help employees get out of stress. The most common techniques Ð °re identifying Ð °nd Ð °nÐ °lyzing the cÐ °uses of stress, etc. Ð  speciÐ °l Ð °ttention is pÐ °id to the seculÐ °r Ð °pproÐ °ch to stress mÐ °nÐ °gement. This Ð °pproÐ °ch is bÐ °sed on understÐ °nding the meÐ °ning Ð °nd purpose of live. In the field of orgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l behÐ °vior, the seculÐ °r Ð °pproÐ °ch helps to understÐ °nd significÐ °nce of the work Ð °nd personÐ °l vÐ °lue. Using this Ð °pproÐ °ch, employees cÐ °n Ð °void stressful situÐ °tions, or better to sÐ °y, they chÐ °nge their Ð °ttitude towÐ °rds unpleÐ °sÐ °nt events Ð °t the work plÐ °ce, Ð °nd leÐ °rn how to reÐ °ct to externÐ °l chÐ °llenges. If Ð °n employee hÐ °s strong personÐ °l beliefs it helps him to

RESPOND TO CLASSMATES RESPONSES ON BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS IN JAPAN Coursework

RESPOND TO CLASSMATES RESPONSES ON BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS IN JAPAN - Coursework Example You so well outline that the Japanese are a high power distance society where pessimism seems to have no room amidst the harmony that they so much value. Japanese mixing business with social or rather personal life can greatly overwhelm foreigners who might find it to be disgusting merely due little acquaintance with the Japanese’s way of life. To avert complications common in cross-cultural negotiations, Americans must comprehend Japanese non-verbal cues, as this will also ease the negotiation process. However, rather than relying on translators, it is most appropriate that one masters fundamental aspects of the Japanese language prior to attending a meeting in Japan. Your response portrays a good amount of research. Your introduction of deductive and inductive reasoning propels the discussion and instigates further exploration of the world of communication and psychology. The Japanese build trusts and harmonious relationships in every activity that they participate in. While asking questions about a culture is effective in understanding other people’s culture, it is important to appropriately contemplate the questions that can be asked to avoid offending the Japanese whose are proud of and gratified with their unique culture. Researching about Japanese culture prior to the meeting is also quite vivacious but the research should focus on points or sections that can be necessary during the business negotiation. Japanese customers want to feel treasured under every circumstance. As you rightly point out, saving face and showing respect to hierarchy are important in international trading especially in Japan. Multi-cultural diversity requires that business personnel are familiar with their partners’ culture. Embarking on a programme of language training will not be a waste of resources since the output will eventually overshadow the input. The company will appear to

A Sociological Perspective Of Structural Functionalism

A Sociological Perspective Of Structural Functionalism The criminal behaviour of Robert Pickton can be examined through the sociological feminist perspective. There are numerous factors throughout Picktons life that could have served significantly towards his deviant behaviour. The feeling of male dominance could have led the man to express his anger and superiority on the opposite sex. As a result, this unacceptable behaviour raises confliction between the two genders; this exemplifies a feminist theory of female oppression. Throughout his youthful year, Pickton may have encountered neglect from a female figure, which could have played an influence on the behaviourism of this serial killer. For example, hostile affection from a mother may have caused Pickton to bottle up his anger to the point where he used criminal acts as a release in his elder years. These later acts could be a mirror reflection to the actions of his mother therefore causing him to avenge his past experiences by murdering as many other women as possible. Taking a look at the Marxist Feminism theory can also serve in sociologically analyzing the behaviour of Robert Pickton. This theory examines the lack of balance in terms of men and women in an economic outlook. Stereotypical roles and class hierarchies divide the two sexes; for example, women are to take on the housewives roles whereas men are more of the working money makers. Pickton may have based his attacks on a lower class level than he assumed himself to be in. He was a farmer who produced and well as distributed food to others, yet due to the fact that many of the women were prostitutes and drug addicts (CBC News), Pickton clearly picked on this class for a reason. Perhaps he felt that this specific target group was helpless, and had a negative effect on the world. The imbalanced regard to class groups may have numbed Picktons feelings of guilt or awareness to the fact that he was murdering countless women uncontrollably. Robert Picktons choice of targeting a specific group o f women, let alone women in general, goes to show the sociological perspective of feminism in this case. Psychological Perspective: Psychoanalysis Thorough psychological analysis of his thinking process, consisting of both his conscious and unconscious mind, can help with focusing on the psychoanalysis of Picktons behaviour. The Id, according to Freud, is driven solely by impulses. In the case of Pickton, the impulse was sexual, seeing as the women he murdered were all sex workers. It is only fair to assume that he resorted to these specific women for a specific reason, to satisfy his needs. His sexual impulses led to his Id satisfying them. There is also a chance that Pickton was experiencing internal conflict which led to the outcomes of his decided behaviour. The Id has no care for reality, or the needs of anyone else, merely its own satisfaction. To continue the analysis of Picktons behaviour, we must now take a look at his ego. Considering an ego develops through experience, it is possible that Picktons uncontrollable urge to kill women was a result from being neglected in his early years by a motherly figure. Being motivated by unconscious conflicts, Picktons ego weakened as his unresolved mental struggle in regards to hatred of an important motherly figure from his youth may have caused his murderous acts. He may have been battling for acceptance or love and lost, hence why afterwards he probably felt in need of retribution against his mothers rejection. The feeling of betrayal or rejection by a female likely outsourced Picktons jealous rage. Picktons super-ego, alike to his ego, can also be seen as weak. This murderers conscious had to have been aware that his acts were wrong and socially unacceptable; he chose to disregard the difference between right and wrong as still act out in a poor manner. Additionally, Picktons sense of childhood rejection may have caused him to lose trust and view the world as an undependably hopeless place. This mistrust has a direct correlation and affect to his social interaction and his personality. His criminal acts were a mean of expressing the unconscious conflicts that have not been resolved. His superegos failure to develop is largely due to his inability to identify with his parental figure as well as lack of internalization of parental and social norms, values and morals. Without a fully developed superego, Pickton was missing his conscience and had no empathy for others. The ids domination of his superego caused it to weaken and easily influence him toward urging violent criminal beh aviour. Freudians would characterize Picktons behaviour by having a weak ego, absent super-ego and a strong id. Anthropologic Perspective: Sociocultural Anthropology Inside on Robert Picktons social life can give us an anthropological insight in terms of his behaviour. Going back a few years, it seems as though Roberts relationships and social interaction were not fully developed. Being rejected in an attempt to build social interactions could definitely have caused Pickton to feel inferior. As this feeling of rejection continued, it developed into anger which he then chose to release through attacking the initial source of it all, women. Due to the womens clear inability to defend themselves, Pickton matured a sense of superiority which built motivation to continue his attacks. Growing up, Pickton may have been exposed to excessive amounts of media violence which may have played a toll on his later behaviour. Media has become one of the most powerful weapons in the world. Since society as a whole is our means of expression, Pickton probably became a victim of conformity. The battle of conformity may seem impossible to conquer; it is a battle that will murder an individuals qualities, and the only way to triumph it is through conscious awareness of its outcome. It is evident that this man is not intact with his conscious, meaning he is either prone to making bad decisions by disregarding their consequences or he was never given taught any better. Examining Picktons targets, female prostitutes, may correlate with his values, morals and also the economic inequalities of women in the society he grew up in. Seeing as his outlook of women was already poor, prostitution may have been another concern of his. Pickton worked on his farm, meaning he performed physical labour in order to earn his living. On the other hand, prostitution in the view of Pickton may have been a career that earned a living off of pleasure rather than pain; this might have been an unfair and morally unacceptable way to earn a living in the eyes of this murderer. From this, the man may have not felt any sympathy for these women, so he decided to indulge his guilt-free attitude in the killing of a specifically characterized group of targets. Hypothesis for Research of a Serial Killer To understand the reason for a serial killers motives, we must investigate the conscious and unconscious mind by taking a look at the id, ego, and superego. This will help to determine the driving principle of the criminal, the pleasure they were seeking, their ability to differentiate between right and wrong, and the power and development of the id, ego and superego. Feminists would examine the perspective of women and their rights within a society, particularly one dominated by men. Social systems, structures and issues in relevance to women will be put to the grand focus. Structural functionalists regard crime as a necessary and constant part of society. In a given society, the majority of people identify, acknowledge and adhere to a shared set of moral guidelines and rules through legal punishment and public offense. Crime is crucial to society because it sets the legal system and develops a shared set of moral guidelines. A drastic increase in criminal behaviour loses peoples trust and cohesion. Yet, unusual decreases in crime sets the impression that people have no individuality or freedom, as well as do not share moral guidelines to differentiate between right and wrong. Therefore, the stability of a crime rate has a direct relation to the health of a society. We must also take a look at the survival of society and how criminals become outcasts to the structural norms. Ones inability to recognize their place in society, creating an uncertain status, may cause them to deviate from what is acceptable socially. When conducting research on a serial killer, one must explore and gain insight on the psychoanalytic, feminist, and functionalist perspectives. The collaboration of these perspectives will allow for a thorough understanding in terms of a criminals urge for multiple killings.

Astronomy Essay -- essays research papers fc

One thing us as humans have never been able to fully understand is astronomy. Always having an unexplained mystery, astronomy also has served as a way to keep time and predict the future. The word â€Å"astronomy† is defined as the study of heavenly bodies, meaning anything in the sky such as stars, galaxies, comets, planets, nebulae, and so on. Many people, if not everyone, is amazed by the night sky on a clear, moonless night.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Astronomy dates back to ancient times when peoples such as the Babylonians, Egyptians, and Chinese kept written records of astronomical events and occurrences. Today’s seven day week originates from the Babylonians’ seven important bodies in the night sky: the Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn. The ancient Egyptians used the stars to align their pyramids and many of their corridors in almost perfect north-south or east-west directions. The Chinese were experts at predicting solar eclipses. They believed that a solar eclipse was a dangerous warning. Chinese astronomers were executed if they failed to predict an eclipse. Over the years there have been many more important figures in astronomy. One extraordinary astronomer was Galileo Galilei who invented the first refractor telescope in which light is bent to enlarge an image of the sky (â€Å"Galileo Project†). The next great astronomer to follow him was Isaac Newton. Newton had made a great amount of contributions to astronomy during his life. He further proved that the Earth was not the center of the universe and he also invented the Newtonian reflector telescope which is still used today in observatories. Also, he discovered that light could be split into a visible spectrum of colors. Spectral colors from stars would later be used to determine their size, temperature, chemical composition, and even the direction the star is moving.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today, professional astronomers play a very different role than hundreds of years ago. Surprisingly, astronomers today spend minimal time at the telescope gazing at the night sky. Operating planetariums, teaching astronomy classes, or operating and maintaining an observatory are some of the things astronomers today do. Along with professional astronomers are amateur astronomers who only observe the heavens for personal satisfaction and enjoyment. I myself am an amateur astronomer an... ...enith (straight overhead position). Two galaxies which are believed to revolve around our own are the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds. Only visible from the Southern Hemisphere, Magellan, the famous European explorer, was the first to describe these galaxies. Even though we know a great amount more than the astronomers in the past, there is still an even larger amount we do not know about the universe to this day. Even our own solar system contains many questions yet to be answered. Some of these include the possibility of a planet beyond Pluto (Planet X), the means by which the system was created, and even the possibility of a sister star to the Sun named Nemesis. Another astronomical mystery is the creation of the universe. In time, many questions will be answered but some will always remain. Astronomy is something that will never be completely understood. Works Cited: Goldsmith, Donald. The Astronomers. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991. Fradin, Dennis P. Astronomy. Chicago: Children’s Press, 1987. â€Å"The Galileo Project†. in History of Astronomy. [collection of sites] (rev. Dec. 2002; accessed 6 Jan, 2002); available from http://www.cv.nrao.edu/fits/www/yp_history.html

Coping With Climate Change Health And Social Care Essay

Autonomous versions may non be to the full equal for get bying with clime alteration, therefore asking deliberate, planned steps. Many options for policy-based version to climate alteration have been identified for agribusiness, woods and piscaries. These can either affect version activities such as developing substructure or edifice the capacity to accommodate in the broader user community and establishments, frequently by altering the decision-making environment under which management-level, independent version activities occur. Policybased versions to climate alteration will interact with, depend on, or possibly even be merely a subset of policies on natural resource direction, homo and animate being wellness, administration and human rights, among many others ( Yohe et al. , 2007 ) . Extenuation Schemes Agribusiness, land usage and waste history for some 35 per centum of the GHG emanations that contribute to climate alteration ( Stern, 2006 ) . At the same clip, improved agricultural patterns can do a important part at low cost to increasing dirt C sinks and to GHG emanation decreases ( Metz et al. , 2007 ) . Cardinal extenuation schemes in the agribusiness sector include: improved harvest and croping land direction to increase dirt C segregation, Restoration of debauched lands, improved rice cultivation and farm animal and manure direction to cut down methane emanations and improved nitrogen fertiliser direction to cut down azotic oxide emanations in some agricultural systems ( Metz et al. , 2007 ) . Improved direction of tropical land offers a promising agriculture-based extenuation scheme. Reduced deforestation, more sustainable forest direction and acceptance of agroforestry ( integrating of tree and harvest cultivation ) have peculiarly good potency to capture important sums of C and other GHGs and, at the same clip, to lend to poverty decrease ( CGIAR, 2008 ) . Cultivation of productive eatage grasses that sequester C can be combined with tree seting in silvopastoral systems of cultivation. Agroforestry non merely captures C and helps keep dirt wellness through N arrested development and usage of film editings as fertiliser and mulch, but it besides provides fresh fish, fruit, lumber, fuel, medical specialties and rosins. This can assist better nutrition in agriculturist families through higher incomes and by straight adding diverseness to diets ( CGIAR, 2008 ) . Agricultural research can assist make new engineerings that will ease agriculture-based extenuation schemes. For illustration, research is afoot at CGIAR-supported international agricultural research Centres to engender new, drought-tolerant assortments of sorghum that will supply nutrient, provender and fuel all from a individual works, without current trade-offs among utilizations. In the wast e direction sector, bing engineerings for extenuation are available that can lend to improved public wellness as an input into good nutrition. These include waste incineration with energy recovery, composting of organic waste, controlled waste H2O intervention and recycling to minimise waste ( Metz et al. , 2007 ) . Beginning: FAO, Policy Brief on Food Security, Figure 2, June 2006, Issue 2. FAO ‘s ‘twin-track attack ‘ for contending hunger combines sustainable agricultural and rural development with targeted programmes for heightening direct entree to nutrient for the most destitute. As outlined above, the first path addresses recovery steps for set uping resilient nutrient systems. Factors that affect nutrient system resiliency include the construction of the nutrient economic system as a whole, every bit good as its constituents such as agricultural production, engineering, the variegation of nutrient processing, markets and ingestion. Track 2 assesses the options for supplying support to vulnerable groups. This survey is looking for family nutrient security appraisal attack. Household nutrient insecurity can be assessed utilizing direct and indirect measurings. Food Sufficiency Status Question ( Briefel et al. , 1992 ) , Community Childhood Hunger Identification Project Instrument ( Wehler et al. , 1994 ) , Radimer/Cornell Hunger and Food Insecurity Instrument ( Radimer et al. , 1992 ) and Food Security Core Model ( Bickel et al. , 2000 ) and Accumulative Food Security Index ( Maxwell, 1996 ) are among questionnaire-based instruments designed to straight mensurate nucleus behaviours and experiences related to nutrient sufficiency or nutrient insecurity and to be administered to the individual most responsible for nutrient and nutrient proviso in the family. The indirect measurings of nutrient insecurity which include income-based steps of poorness, use of nutrient security-related plan, indexs of fiscal adversity, anthropometric measurings, dietetic consumption and other wellness and n utrition parametric quantities, indicate the degree of exposure in which nutrient insecurity may be moderately inferred ( Radimer et al. , 1990 ; Office of Nutrition Policy and Promotion at Health Canada, 2002 ) . The Radimer/Cornell Hunger and Food Insecurity instrument identifies nutrient insecurity experienced at the family, single and child degrees and maintains that nutrient insecurity is a managed procedure ( Radimer et al. , 1990 ) . The family makes necessary accommodations to turn to nutrient insecurity with the kids being spared until nutrient insecurity becomes terrible. In other words, the grownups will digest hunger themselves so that their kids do non endure. While the Radimer/Cornell instrument has been used extensively in the United States, its application in a different cultural scene is comparatively limited ( Kaiser et al. , 2002 ; Studdert et al. , 2001 ; Welch et al. , 1998 ) . The Radimer/Cornell instrument has been shown to be applicable in Malaysia as a direct appraisal of family nutrient insecurity ( Zalilah, 1998 ; Zalilah & A ; Tham, 2002 ; Zalilah & A ; Ang, 2002 ) .Degrees of Food security:Extensive research in the late eightiess focused on understanding family nut rient security, nutrient insecurity, and hungriness. This work led to the development by an adept working group of the American Institute of Nutrition of the undermentioned conceptual definitions, which were published in 1990 by the Life Sciences Research Office ( LSRO ) of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology: Food security – â€Å" Entree by all people at all times to enough nutrient for an active, healthy life. Food security includes at a lower limit: ( 1 ) the ready handiness of nutritionally equal and safe nutrients, and ( 2 ) an assured ability to get acceptable nutrients in socially acceptable ways ( e.g. , without fall backing to exigency nutrient supplies, scavenging, stealing, or other get bying schemes ) . † It will be measured if families show no or minimum grounds of nutrient insecurity Food insecurity – â€Å" Limited or unsure handiness of nutritionally equal and safe nutrients or limited or unsure ability to get acceptable nutrients in socially acceptable ways. † Food insecurity is apparent in family members ‘ concerns about adequateness of the family nutrient supply and in accommodations to household nutrient direction, including reduced quality of nutrient and increased unusual header forms. It will be measured if small or no decrease in members ‘ nutrient consumption is reported Hunger – â€Å" The uneasy or painful esthesis caused by a deficiency of nutrient. The recurrent and nonvoluntary deficiency of entree to nutrient. Hunger may bring forth malnutrition over clip†¦ . Hunger†¦ is a possible, although non necessary, effect of nutrient insecurity. † Food consumption for grownups in the family has been reduced to an extent that implies that grownups have repeatedly experienced the physical esthesis of hungriness. In most ( but non all ) food-insecure families with kids, such decreases are non observed at this phase for kids. At this degree, all families with kids have reduced the kids ‘s nutrient consumption to an extent indicating that the kids have experienced hungriness. For some other families with kids, this already has occurred at an earlier phase of badness. It will be measured if grownups in families with and without kids have repeatedly experienced more extended decreases in nutrient consumption. Food insecurity and hungriness, as the footings are used here, are conditions ensuing from fiscal resource restraint. Hunger, for illustration, can happen in many state of affairss, including dieting and being excessively busy to eat. The measurement process described here, nevertheless, is concerned merely with nutrient insecurity and hungriness that occur because the family does non hold adequate nutrient or money to purchase nutrient. Hunger, in this position, may be seen as a terrible phase or degree of nutrient insecurity, instead than as a distinguishable or separate status from the more general experience of nutrient insecurity. Furthermore, while this status is normally associated with poorness, it is non the same thing as general income insufficiency. Rather, it is the status of want in this one country of basic demand ; its measuring captures the badness of want due to resource restraint in this one specific country of demand, as straight experienced and described by respon dents. The full scope of nutrient insecurity and hungriness can non be captured by any individual index. Alternatively, a family ‘s degree of nutrient insecurity or hungriness must be determined by obtaining information on a assortment of specific conditions, experiences, and behaviours that serve as indexs of the changing grades of badness of the status. Research over the past two decennaries has identified a peculiar set of this sort of status, experience and behaviour form that systematically characterizes the phenomenon of nutrient insecurity and hungriness. ( Derrickson, 2000 ) It is frequently utile, both for policy and research intents, to simplify the nutrient security graduated table into a little set of classs, each one stand foring a meaningful scope of badness on the implicit in graduated table, and to discourse the per centum of the population in each of these classs. Four classs have been defined for this intent: A family is classified into one of the nutrient security status-level classs on the footing of its mark on the nutrient security graduated table, while the family ‘s graduated table mark is determined by its overall form of response to the set of index inquiries. Families with really low graduated table tonss are those that report no, or really limited, food-insecurity or hungriness experiences. These families are classified as nutrient secure. At the other extreme, families with really high graduated table tonss are those that have reported a big figure of the conditions and are classified as nutrient insecure with hungriness ( terrible ) — i.e. , with hungriness at the most terrible degree measured in the U.S. The more meaningful separations are those that autumn in the in-between scopes of the graduated table. Here, families that affirm at least three of the index conditions are classified as nutrient insecure. Most of these are classified â€Å" nutrient insecure wi thout hungriness, † as the presence of adequate indexs, of sufficient badness degree to set up confidently the presence of hungriness among family members, is missing. A smaller figure of the food-insecure families show measured badness degrees higher up the graduated table, and have affirmed at least three of the ( normally adult ) hungriness indexs. These families are deemed to be describing adequate indicants of nutrient insecurity and reduced nutrient consumption to set up a high chance of hungriness among family members, and consequently are classified â€Å" nutrient insecure with hungriness. †Questions and Instruction manuals in USAID ModelIn the past four hebdomads, did you worry that your family would non hold plenty nutrient? ( Worry about nutrient ) This inquiry asks the respondent to describe their personal experience with uncertainness and anxiousness about geting nutrient during the old month. The interviewer should besides read the definition of a â€Å" family † that was developed during the readying of the questionnaire. Mention that this definition of family applies to all the inquiries with that term. In the past four hebdomads, were you or any household member non able to eat the sorts of nutrients you preferred because of a deficiency of resources? ( Unable to eat preferable nutrients ) One sphere of nutrient insecurity ( entree ) is holding limited picks in the type of nutrient that a family chow. This inquiry asks whether any family member was non able to eat harmonizing to their penchant due to a deficiency of resources. Preference can mention to the signifier of a peculiar nutrient ( i.e. , whole rice vs. broken rice ) , type of basic ( i.e. , millet vs. maize ) or a high quality nutrient ( i.e. , a piece of meat or fish ) . Preferred nutrients may or may non be nutritionally high quality. The interviewer should besides read the definition of a â€Å" deficiency of resources. † Mention that this definition of family applies to all the inquiries with that term. The respondent needs to reply on behalf of all family members In the past four hebdomads, did you or any household member have to eat a limited assortment of nutrients due to a deficiency of resources? ( Eat merely a few sorts of nutrients ) This inquiry asks about dietetic picks related to variety – i.e. , whether the family had to eat an unsought humdrum diet ( small diverseness in the different types of nutrients consumed ) . The interviewer should read the description of what a humdrum diet might be. The respondent needs to reply on behalf of all family members. In the past four hebdomads, did you or any household member have to eat some nutrients that you truly did non desire to eat because of a deficiency of resources to obtain other types of nutrient? ( Eat nutrients they truly do non desire eat ) This inquiry, which besides captures the dimension of limited picks, asks whether any family member had to eat nutrient that they found socially or personally unwanted due to a deficiency of resources. Often these are nutrients or nutrient readyings that are consumed merely under adversity. Different people may see different nutrients to be unwanted, so it is best non to supply illustrations here at first. The respondent needs to reply on behalf of all family members, harmonizing to his or her ain perceptual experience of the types of nutrient family members ate during the old four hebdomads. If more encouragement is required, the interviewer may give some illustrations utilizing any illustrations included in the questionnaire and reviewed during preparation. For all inquiries, it is of import to remind respondents that the illustrations are non an thorough list. In the past four hebdomads, did you or any household member have to eat a smaller repast than you felt you needed because there was non plenty nutrient? ( Eat a smaller repast ) This inquiry asks whether the respondent felt that the sum of nutrient ( any sort of nutrient, non merely the basic nutrient ) that any family member Ate in any repast during the past four hebdomads was smaller than they felt they needed due to a deficiency of resources. The respondent should reply harmonizing to his or her perceptual experience of what constitutes adequate nutrient for the demands of the family members. The respondent needs to reply on behalf of all family members. In the past four hebdomads, did you or any household member have to eat fewer repasts in a twenty-four hours because there was non plenty nutrient? ( Eat fewer repasts in a twenty-four hours ) This inquiry asks whether any family member, due to miss of nutrient, had to eat fewer repasts than the figure typically eaten in the nutrient secure families in their country. The respondent needs to reply on behalf of all family members. In the past four hebdomads, was there of all time no nutrient to eat of any sort in your family because of deficiency of resources to acquire nutrient? ( No nutrient of any sort in the family ) This inquiry asks about a state of affairs in which the family has no nutrient to eat of any sort in the place. This describes a state of affairs where nutrient was non available to family members through the families ‘ usual agencies ( e.g. , through purchase, from the garden or field, from storage, etc. ) . In the past four hebdomads, did you or any family member go to kip at dark hungry because there was non plenty nutrient? ( Travel to kip hungry ) This inquiry asks whether the respondent felt hungry at bedtime because of deficiency of nutrient or whether the respondent was cognizant of other family members who were hungry at bedtime because of deficiency of nutrient. The respondent needs to reply on behalf of all family members. In the past four hebdomads, did you or any family member go a whole twenty-four hours and dark without eating anything because there was non plenty nutrient? ( Travel a whole twenty-four hours and dark without eating ) This inquiry asks whether any household member did non eat from the clip they awoke in the forenoon to the clip they awoke the following forenoon due to miss of nutrient. The respondent needs to reply on behalf of all family members.Measurement Scalea. Categorical Ranking Assessment ( USAID Model ) : It calculates for each family by delegating a codification for the nutrient insecurity ( entree ) class in which it falls. The four nutrient security classs should be created consecutive, in the same order as shown below, to guarantee that families are classified harmonizing to their most terrible response. Calculate the Household Food Insecurity Access class for each family. 1 = Food Secure, 2=Mildly Food Insecure Access, 3=Moderately Food Insecure Access, 4=Severely Food Insecure Access. Category = 1 if [ ( Q1a=0 or Q1a=1 ) and Q2=0 and Q3=0 and Q4=0 and Q5=0 and Q6=0 and Q7=0 and Q8=0 and Q9=0 ] Category = 2 if [ ( Q1a=2 or Q1a=3 or Q2a=1 or Q2a=2 or Q2a=3 or Q3a=1 or Q4a=1 ) and Q5=0 and Q6=0 and Q7=0 and Q8=0 and Q9=0 ] Category = 3 if [ ( Q3a=2 or Q3a=3 or Q4a=2 or Q4a=3 or Q5a=1 or Q5a=2 or Q6a=1 or cQ6a=2 ) and Q7=0 and Q8=0 and Q9=0 ] Category = 4 if [ Q5a=3 or Q6a=3 or Q7a=1 or Q7a=2 or Q7a=3 or Q8a=1 or Q8a=2 or Q8a=3 or Q9a=1 or Q9a=2 or Q9a=3 ] b. Rasch measuring theoretical account ( USDA Model ) : The Rasch measuring theoretical account, which was developed chiefly in the educational testing field, assumes an implicit in continuum — in the present instance, of the badness of nutrient insecurity experienced by the family — upon which both points and families can be located, and assumes that the chance of a family confirming a specific point depends on the comparative badness of the family and the point. The single-parameter Rasch theoretical account, which is used to make the nutrient security graduated table, assumes specifically that the log of the odds of a family confirming an point is relative to the difference between the badness degree of the family and the badness degree of the point. Therefore, the chance that a family at severity-level H will confirm an point at severity-level I is: Ph, i=e ( h-i ) / ( 1+e ( h-i ) ) ( 1 ) where vitamin E is the base of the natural logarithms.three. Determining the nutrient security influencing factorsSeveral variables of family composing like incomes, outgos, basic comfortss, plus ownership, fiscal and material AIDSs received from authorities or non-government bureaus, employment position, etc. , factors have impacts on family nutrient security. Climate prima factors like income decrease, seasonal unemployment, wellness consequence, etc. , can impact family nutrient security. Literature besides showed more of the nutrient insecure families were populating below the poorness line, had a larger family size, more kids and school-going kids and female parents as homemakers. To supply grounds of family nutrient insecurity and place its indexs in Malaysia, the survey will analyze the associations between family nutrient insecurity with demographic, family, socioeconomic, and climatic factors. Chi-square trial and logistic arrested development will be utilized for comparing of factors between nutrient secure and nutrient insecure families and finding of factors associated with family nutrient insecurity, severally. Here, the chief intent is to find the chance that an person with a given set of property will fall in one pick instead than the alternate, i.e. , either nutrient secure or insecure non both. The dependent variable is dummy variable, which takes a value of 0 or 1 depending on the families ‘ nutrient security position. There are attacks developed for a chance theoretical account whose response variable is dummy one. These are: the Linear Probability Model ( LPM ) , Logit Model, and Probit Model. The pick of these theoretical accounts depends on the suitableness to suit the information. LPM has built-in draw dorsums. To advert some of these downside of: it lacks to demo the uniformity of mistake footings, hetroscedasticity ( the discrepancy of the error term is non changeless ) of the error term, possibility of the acquiring the chance map consequence out of 0 and 1, and the general lower R2 value. Owing to these cardinal jobs, LPM is non logically attractive theoretical account f or dummy antiphonal variables ( Gujarati, 1995 ) . Therefore, one can utilize Accumulative Distribution Function ( CDF ) viz. Logit or Probit theoretical accounts ( Gujarati, 1995 ) . The inquiry is that which CDF theoretical account to utilize. However, both can be used for dummy antiphonal variable most research workers choose Logit than Probit arrested development theoretical account. Therefore, Logit theoretical account warrant the estimated chances additions and ne'er stairss outdoors 0 to 1 interval and the relationship between chance ( pi ) and explanatory variable ( Xi ) is non-linear. Therefore, a logistic theoretical account, besides known as Multinomial Logistic Regression, uses to place the determiners of nutrient security and to measure their comparative importance in finding the chance of being in nutrient secure state of affairs or non. Prior to the appraisal of the logistic arrested development theoretical account that the explanatory variables need to look into for the being of multicolinearity. In this survey among the other methods, Variance Inflation Factor ( VIF ) uses to mensurate the grade of additive relationships among the uninterrupted explanatory variables. Where each uninterrupted explanatory variable reasoning backwards on all the other uninterrupted explanatory variables and coefficient of finding for each alar or subordinate arrested development computes. Following Gujarati ( 1995 ) , VIF is defined as: VIF ( X J ) = 1/ ( 1-Rj2 ) ( 9 ) Where, Xj = the jth quantitative explanatory variable regressed on the other quantitative explanatory variables. Rj2 = the coefficient of finding when the variable Xj regressed on the staying explanatory variables. As a regulation of pollex, if the VIF of a variable exceeds 10 that variable is said to be extremely collinear and it can be concluded that multicolinearity is a job ( Gujarati, 1995 ) . In a similar mode, to avoid the multicolinearity job among silent person ( qualitative ) variables Contingency Coefficients ( C ) need to be computed. It is defined as follows:four. Determining the influences of climatic agents on nutrient securityIndividual dimensions of nutrient security are non discernible per Se, and are considered a latent variable depending on the footings on several climatic factors and non-climatic factors observed variables. The theoretical account can be estimated through an extension of multivariate arrested development theoretical accounts. A hierarchical/ way diagram theoretical account in which some variables are dependent on one side and independent of the other. Unobservable ( i.e. , latent ) variables have besides to be dealt with. In the causal theoretical accounts literature ( Spirtes, Glymour and Scheines, 2000 ) , circles represent latent variables and boxes represent ascertained variables. Most of the hierarchal or multi-level theoretical accounts studied in the literature trade with mensural variables, so the arrested development belongingss are extended. One of the advanced parts of this research is the appraisal of latent variable theoretical accounts in complex study informations. Sing the complexness of the theoretical account concerned, two alternate appraisal schemes could be adopted for the appraisal of family resiliency: structural equation modeling and multi-stage modeling. Structural equation theoretical accounts ( SEMs ) are the most appropriate tools for covering with the sort of theoretical account illustrated in above figure. Structural equation patterning combines factor analysis with arrested development. It is assumed that the set of mensural variables is an imperfect step of the implicit in latent variable of involvement. Structural equation patterning uses a factor analysis-type theoretical account to mensurate the latent variables via ascertained variables, while at the same time utilizing a regression-type theoretical account to place relationships among the latent variables ( Bollen, 1989 ) . By and large, the appraisal methods developed for SEMs are limited to the usually distributed ascertained variables, but in most instances ( including this one ) , many variables are nominal or ordinal. It is besides possible to utilize generalised latent variable theoretical accounts ( Bartholomew and Knott, 1999 ; Skrondal and Rabe-Hesketh, 2004 ) to pattern different response types. This survey prefers to utilize SEM to gauge the influences of climatic alterations on nutrient security. The other attack explored is a multi-stage scheme for gauging the latent variables individually, based on the relevant ascertained variables. This involves the usage of assorted sets of ascertained variables to gauge the implicit in latent variables. In other words, the circles represent the common form in the mensural variables. The methods used for bring forthing these latent variables depend on the graduated tables of the ascertained variables. Traditional multivariate methods are based on uninterrupted variables, but most of the variables in household-level studies are qualitative ( nominal, ordinal or interval ) , so it is necessary to utilize different techniques for non-continuous types of variables.v. Determining the family header schemesFor early efforts to minimise family nutrient insecurity, several get bying schemes were found to be significantly different between the two types of families. More of the nutrient secure families were able to follow the schemes of selling va luable stuffs and borrowing money compared to the nutrient insecure families. The former with higher average income have assets and belongingss that they can sell or mortgage during periods of economic adversity. On the other manus, as nutrient insecure families had more school-going kids, cut downing outgos on kids ‘s instruction is an of import header scheme which includes bespeaking a school text edition loan, cut downing kids ‘s pocket money and expenditures on school demands and activities. On nutrient schemes, borrowing money to purchase nutrient and having nutrients from household members, relations and neighbours are ways to buffer the nutrient secure families from sing nutrient inadequacy. Most of the nutrient insecure families adopted the scheme on cooking whatever nutrient is available at place, including the usage of herbs, works shoots ( bamboo, manioc, banana ) or veggies grown by the families, domestic fowl or other domesticated animate beings ( coneies, c aprine animals, cattles ) reared for ain ingestion or hard currency, and fishing from rivers, lakes and sea. In other words, these schemes do non necessitate the nutrient insecure families to utilize money to buy nutrient. The schemes on cut downing sum of nutrients cooked for repasts, sum of nutrient consumption, nutrient fluctuations in repasts and ingestion of fruits and veggies did non differ significantly between the two families. However, decrease in the figure of repasts is adopted by more of the nutrient secure families than the nutrient insecure families. Typically, breakfast or tiffin is the repast excluded by these families ( Shariff and Khor 2008 ) . The usage of schemes to get by with short-run and long-run alterations in family income and nutrient inadequacy as direct indexs has been documented in many earlier surveies ( De Garine, 1993 ; Eele, 1994 ; Frakenberger & A ; Coyle, 1993 ; Watts & A ; Bohle, 1993 ) . Maxwell et Al. ( 1999 ) indicated that in both rural and urban scenes, four classs of get bying schemes related to dietetic alteration, food-seeking behaviours, family construction and rationing are normally adopted by families sing nutrient inadequacy ; nevertheless the specific header schemes within each class may change across scenes. Due to different environmental fortunes ( e.g. cost of life, rural versus urban civilization, instruction and employment position of adult females ) , the urban low-income families may use different specific get bying mechanisms to cover with income and nutrient inadequacy than rural families. Similarly, Davies ( 1996 ) has suggested that assorted facets of get bying behaviours ( definit ion, sequence of importance or badness, short-run versus long-run alterations ) may differ between locations ( e.g. urban versus rural ) and within a location ( angling versus agricultural community in a rural country ) . Shariff and Khor ( 2008 ) besides found that the rural low-income families used food-related get bying mechanisms ( cook whatever nutrient is available at place and borrow money to purchase nutrient ) during periods of nutrient insecurity. Based on the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring ( 1994~2000 ) , Dore et Al. ( 2003 ) reported that the usage of less expensive nutrient and ingestion of home-prepared repasts were prevailing get bying mechanisms among low-income Russian families to protect the dietetic consumptions of kids. Decreased frequence and measure of nutrient consumption, compromised diet in relation to nutrient quality, nutrient penchant and nutrient permutation, alterations in nutrient shop, sale of assets and borrowing nutrient or money were reported by households in Java during the Indonesia ‘s economic crisis in 1998 ( Studdert et al. , 2001 ) . There are several advantages of utilizing get bying schemes to mensurate nutrient insecurity such as the processs are simp le, low cost and comprehendible by many, can be used in combination with other steps of nutrient insecurity and gaining control some elements of exposure and complexness related to nutrient insecurity ( Maxwell, 1996 ) . Although several nutrient get bying schemes were associated with nutrient insecurity, the findings should be farther investigated and confirmed as these schemes may be context or puting specific. Finally, get bying schemes as nutrient security indexs should be validated against other indexs such as nutrient ingestion ( family, single ) , poverty steps ( income and outgo ) , single wellness and nutritionary position and grounds of nutrient insecurity ( climate alteration factors, natural catastrophes ) .

The Dead Sea Scrolls essays

The Dead Sea Scrolls essays In the scorching, blistering Jordan desert in the Middle East there lies a cave that is home to one of the greatest archeological discoveries of the century. The Dead Sea Scrolls wrapped in linen cloth, enclosed in jars contains the unexplained excerpts of the Bible. Around 150 BCE a group of people known as the Dead Sea Sect, who are believed to be the ancient biblical people called the Essenes, wrote numerous scrolls about their ways of life, and their ways of religion. The discovery of the scrolls in Qumran and the insight it contained, questioned the interpretation of the Bible. The Dead Sea Scrolls are also known as the Qumran manuscripts because the scrolls were found in a group of caves surrounding the Dead Sea in Jordan called Qumran. The scrolls were found at the lower elevations of the Dead Sea. Along with the scrolls artifacts were later found at Qumran, which dated back to the Iron Age 2, which was between the eight-seventh century BC. This site was later named Ir Ha-Melah City of Salt. The discovery of the scrolls was not by archeologists, but rather a boy from a Bedouin tribe called Muhammad Adh-Dhib. This boy accidentally stumbled upon the scrolls while looking for treasure in the Qumran caves. The scrolls were discovered in several broken jars with many other broken pieces surrounding them. The scrolls were made of leather, except for two scrolls, which were made of copper. Each scroll was wrapped in torn linen cloth. When Muhammad saw this paper he thought he could get some money for it. He sold the scrolls in the market for money. After th ey were in the market an archeologist by the name of E.L. Sukenik realized the importance of them. He smuggled them back to the United States to be translated, but then later brought them back to the Middle East. Scientist realized that these scrolls were different form all other biblical archeological discoveries. Upon translating they found that some o...

The Plains Zebra Essays - Zebras, Equus, Mammals Of Africa

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Liam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Reading reflection - Essay Example Barr’s approach is clear and considerate in relation to the vital requirements of an actor. Chapter 14 of his book, Acting for the Camera, talks about how a person can successfully remember his/her lines in acting by thinking about both their roles and their partners’. It is much easier to think about the scene than remember the lines. Also, when a person considers the roles played by their partners, as well as their partners lines, it will be easier for the individual to remember his/her part in the actor than trying to memorize his/her lines. This might lead to confusion as it has been noted in the past where actors portray lack of full awareness of their roles in acting. According to Barr (83), learning the lines of a scene is a simple process. The author advises actors that they should not, in reality, try to learn the lines since they are not imperative, but they should try and learn the significance of the scenes taking place. According to Barr (84), if an actor only memorizes his/her lines, then they will just be responsive to a cue rather than a stimulus. The harsh truth is that, if the actor only endeavors to learn his lines, then he/she will speak when they appropriate cue words are thrown at him/her, and; hence, lack connection, as well as depth. Connection and depth are the main factors, which draw viewers to a scene. They are able to relate to the scene if the actors show a connection and understanding to the scene (Barr 85). It is extremely a poor for an actor to appear as if they are being forced to act. Lack of understanding of the scenes, as well as the lines, will also portray lack of interest in the entire act. Therefore, when the actors are not connected to the scenes, the audience also will not relate to the acting. Barr stresses on this matter in the entire chapter 14 of his book whereby understanding the scene would lead to understanding the lines. If, hence, the actor relates properly to the stimulus, which causes a verbal

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Role of Religion and REN in Wells and Byrn - Essay Example This essay declares that H.G. Wells in his work titled The Discovery of the Future and E.W. Byrn named The Progress of Invention during the Past Fifty Years discuss how future might pan out influenced by various factors. Wells examine the ways past and present determines future, with various psychological and philosophical aspects playing inducing roles. On the other hand, Byrn focus on various scientific and technological inventions and discoveries of the past and the ways those things are orienting contemporary times and might sway future as well. Although both writers take a distinct approach in formulating their vision of progress, they both deal with how religion and REN play an optimal influencing role, and in other cases, how they take a ‘backseat’ and allow humans to play their roles in future and their vision of progress.This discussion stresses that  humans play prominent roles, there are occasions when religion subtly and even explicitly plays a role in peop le’s living and thereby influences their future and progress. That is, religion in the form of god or superior power is shown to influence individuals or society and in a way their future.  Although humans has invented and discovered many life sustaining and useful things, there is a view that superior powers and religion mainly played the facilitating role in that process.  Wells point out that future is something that is ambiguous, complex, and difficult to grasp.

Training And Development Analysis Essay Example for Free

Training And Development Analysis Essay Training and education have been increasingly conceived as contributing to the quality and productivity of work and thus the profitability of the organization. When good employees are hired, the organization is benefited by investing in their skill development. The training and development of the employees serve many purposes, apart from quality and productivity improvement. The organization becomes ready to adopt advanced technologies and is also able to find replacements when personnel move up the organization or leave it (ZeroMillion, 2002). Employees become more efficient and motivated and the organization also has adequate human resources for its expansion plans. In earlier times, people were selected and developed as managers based on knowledge of their work and understanding of the organization’s requirements. Workers were told on the requirements and expectations of the management, and the workers delivered it. There were no programs directed at career counseling and performance reviews. The need for stress counseling, interpersonal skills improvement, career advancement, recognition and rewarding was not felt. However in the 1950s to 1980s, the management began focusing on the need to train on core functioning areas like planning, finance, sales and accounting etc. Participants deeply involved themselves on a topic and then moved to another topic. Most management schools did not emphasize on an integrated curriculum of all topics. These managers could hardly solve problems as problems were integrated and the approach to solving them was only restricted to the topic relevant. A manager can solve problems effectively by integrating his knowledge and expertise across various domains. With wider recognition of human relations aspect in managing organizations, training programs were developed to improve efficiency and productivity through coaching, motivation, career development etc. (McNamara, 1997)   Today management schools review diverse management topics, analyze them, and apply that understanding to workplace requirement. Training and development play a vital role in an organization’s attempt of total quality (TQ). Training workshops facilitate stimulation of the attendees’ interest and knowledge, which would drive them towards TQ realization. When training workshops fail to encourage the attendees towards TQ realization, then such workshops have very little or no bearing. Many management personnel believe that interest in TQ would be automatically inculcated when employees mingle and share with each other. Thus, they anticipate great positive changes with every training session. However, many people in the managerial and supervisory roles would see the impending changes as a threat to their position and authority, and therefore indulge in tactics to avoid the implementation of changes. Training can bring about changes and wonders when planned and implemented properly. It should be noted here that training is not considered necessary by all companies, as most training events and sessions cannot be directly attributed to outcomes. Therefore some managers tend to perceive training as a luxury of larger companies who can afford to absorb the costs. Training initiatives need to be related to specific outcomes (Atkinson, 1998). By appropriate planning, the trainer is focused to deliver positive and tangible outcomes. When training is managed properly, the required changes or outcomes are successfully realized. However generalized training using inappropriate material, video presentations and irrelevant case studies are more directed towards the self interest of the trainer rather than the organization. Along with technological innovation and, research and development, training and development is also one of the most important investments a company can make for its progress. The quality of the employees is determined by their experiences and exposure within the organization. When these experiences are restricted in terms of time or opportunity for development, then the employees cannot be expected to solve bigger problems. The employees only tend to keep improving their expertise within the scope of their narrow field. Training in management is similar to athletic training in several ways. In athletics, the successful coachers are those who have undergone similar experiences like those of their trainees. The coach here understands how skills are acquired and how mental blocks like attitudes, hinder effective training. The athletic coach wouldn’t straight away plan a training strategy to make the athlete competitive for the Olympics.   The coachers learn the past performances of the athletes, their ups and downs and appropriately design training strategies. Similarly in management training too, the earlier experience and performance of the managers, their strengths and weaknesses are looked into, while planning their training. Past experiences and its associated success and failures, would help in predicting future behavior with and without training. Sometimes training can create problems by fueling hostility from mangers, mainly because of previous disappointments and sustained ill repute, rendering the training a waste of time and resources. However, determined policy makers can convert hostility into meaningful partnerships. Effective partnering can be developed by trainers crediting success and achievements to the managers. Historically, disappointments associated with training are less intense and take longer time to surface. This is because of the strategy adopted by trainers to play safe by ensuring their programs look successful. The trainers incorporate only standard, mild designs and methods to avoid slipping on the outcomes and attempt to camouflage this by asking for more time, staff and resource requirements. Even when managers have a slight positive attitude, there exists opportunities for better collaboration. Such managers would only demand evidence of the worth of the training. The training partner should welcome this and be ready to slow proof. Managers may sometimes want trainers to design programs or modify them to address their needs. By appropriately creating or modifying programs, a partnership is forged and strengthened. There are other managers who support training and partner with it without any critical examination. These managers don’t listen or speculate on informal concerns and go about answering, signing and scheduling the training. Such kind of cooperation and support would be sufficient for training programs that have been well established. However for training associated with change strategies, this support would not be sufficient. When managers presume ownership of training and are in charge of training, they assume a powerful role (Lynton and Pareek, 2000). They actively participate with the trainers and explore opportunities, options and situations for effective training. Proceeding further, managers acquire required competencies in training and join the training team. Managers have detailed understanding of the work settings and work process and their presence in the training team can be very beneficial. Preparing a training budget is an important administrative responsibility of the training manager. An organization’s concern for training is reflected by the amount sanctioned for training against the requested, budgeted amount. It is important for training managers to strive hard to position training within the organization as something that would enable employees to gain what the organization wants them to acquire. Training should not be perceived by internal customers as a mere classroom program or a teaching department. When, due to any finance crunches, budget cutting is required; it would most probably come down to the training budget. However, if the organization at any later date wants to impart some training or sees a need for training, can easily bring in funds from other programs or departments. Thus learning, if deemed necessary, would always be funded. An organization funds its training programs in several ways. Some organizations have a central training budget from where funds are efficiently transferred to the training department to take care of the organization’s training needs. Sometimes the training department is allocated sufficient money to run its own affairs, like its department’s salaries, supplies and over heads etc. The funds required for the conduct of the programs comes from the budgets of the departments requiring the training. The training department normally raises a charge for its services. Organizations use various terminologies for its budget like budget accounts or chart of accounts; and its own terminology for budgeted items. However a typical budget for the training department includes salaries, benefits, recruitment, consulting, supplies, postage, travel, communications etc. After allocation of funds, the training department tracks its spending on the basis of the same categories. Using a spread sheet, a report is generated showing the expenses for each category in the current month, year-to-date expenses, budget amount for the year and the remainder left for the year. All organizations have their own policies and format for reporting financial data and the training manager too has to conform to this. Employees rely on training, not only to improve their expertise on their current job, but also to help them prepare for responsibilities and prospects. Each job must be designed to provide opportunities for learning and growth. The jobs must be able to enhance skill variety, incorporate task significance and also include autonomy and feedback. Job dissatisfaction is an obvious outcome caused by jobs that are seemingly unrewarding in themselves. Employee resignations and turnover is also increased when people are not trained properly. Employees begin to feel that the demands made on them cannot be fully delivered without proper training. When new employees are not provided adequate training, they experience an ‘induction crises’. Learning and training programs raise existing skills and competences among employees to expected standards, while increasing their morale and confidence. Employees must be encouraged to acquire new skills so that they can assume bigger responsibilities and perform various tasks. Such multi-tasking would also help them to earn more under skill-competency based pay structure. Training is very important when organizations experience change. All successful change implementation efforts need to be supported by enabling structures like retention programs, rewards system and outplacement programs. Retention programs are very crucial as change implementation can turn out to be a major cause for employee turn over. Employees are generally encouraged to those aspects of work, which are rewarded and discard those aspects, which are not rewarded. Thus employees can be reallocated by appropriate training. Sometimes, change implementation may involve downsizing. However, the organization should work out to ensure minimal damage by downsizing, as downsizing can jeopardize any change implementation effort. Before laying off any employee, the manager must consider if the employee has any skills that can be deployed in another position or division of the organization. Here again the prospects of training for adapting is considered. Only when the employee looks incapable of acquiring newer skills or when the employee is not very enthusiastic of training should lay off be considered. If layoff is inevitable, the organization should ensure that a comprehensive outplacement services are offered to him, so that the employee holds the organization in high esteem in his further association with the industry (Harvard, 2005). When organizations introduce technological changes, the work processes are changed and training is required to help employees to perform their new responsibilities with ease and confidence. The machine and its human operator are two complementary units of the work process, and none can replace the other. Science-driven changes are fast and multidirectional. The impact of technology and its bearing on competition is very vast. Different technologies have varying impact on management systems. Technologies used in their work processing in banking, insurance, production line etc., require system redesign and new operator skills. In steel and power generation plants, the central control is carried out by electronic technology. Genetic, bioengineering and instrumentation technology backed procedures require considerable amount of decentralization and cooperation at operator levels. Thus change of technology or introduction of new technology into the work cycle, create certain demands to redesign the work process and work environment, for which training is necessary (Saini and Khan). While training programs are mainly proposed at the employer levels, work unions can also play a crucial role in training and development. The achievements of British trade unions is a standing example of what it can achieve for its members when it’s focused on training and learning. During the last few years, the British trade unions have adopted training and learning as an important element of their agenda. The role of unions in establishing ‘learning agreements’ with employers, creating union learning representative (ULR) and several union learning programs are seen as success stories associated with unions. Unions have also been provided a stakeholder role in the vocational education and training system (VET). Today, most of the important institutional bodies include a formal representation of unions. Unions are represented in the learning skills council (LSC) and the sector skills council (SSC). New sector skills agreements and regional skills agreements have been formed in sectors where unions are present. The Trade Union Congress (TUC) has a formal representation on the National Skills Alliance to advice government on the implementation and progress of skills strategy. Although unions have very limited role at the policy formulation level, they have a larger new role in improving workplace learning. The establishment of the union learning representative is perceived as an innovation of the central union. The role of the representative is to support and motivate workers in taking up workplace learning. The success of workplace learning is evident from the associated facts and figures. As of December 2006, the TUC claims to have trained over 13,000 ULRs. More than 3000 workplaces have been covered with over 450 union learning projects, while over 67,000 learners benefit from these courses each year. There have also been many cases where unions have been in partnership with employers to develop learning and skills acquirement. It is important to note here that employers and employees perceive training and training success in different ways. Employers prefer to develop-specific skills that directly help their business. Union and employees on the other hand, would want to develop broad transferable skills, which can help in an individual’s employment and career. Such programs are very valuable to the employees and sometimes be a life changing experience for many. It helps them to advance their career, while also encouraging them to become more active in the union. A unionlearn random postal survey has highlighted an enormous latent demand for learning (Unionlearn, 2007)  Ã‚   Over 96% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that it is important to always be learning. People also wanted to take to learning for various reasons. About 81% of people wanted to study for their personal development or as a leisure time activity, while 56% wanted to learn, to benefit at their work. Sometimes workplace training is imparted remotely too through e-learning. The benefits of technology in learning is not just restricted to classroom learning alone, but also to workplace learning. The workplace trainer here needs to have appropriate teaching skills to help the understanding of remote students. The remote workplace trainer requires technology-based instructing skills, comparable to that of an academic teacher. In the coming years, probably all teachers, academic or workplace, would be trained to handle remote teaching, given the trend of e-learning. Successful e-learning for the American workforce calls for combined action by the public and private sectors. Quality issues, assessment and certification, and access to e-learning opportunities are vital areas that need to be focused to make e-learning more beneficial. Business houses need to realize the potential of e-learning and integrate e-learning into their strategies and operations. A training program is designed based on the assessed needs or requirement of the members.   The learning needs are separated into groups and the groups connected in a logical manner. Each group is then associated with goals or outcomes to be realized at the end of the training program. The goals are split into learning objectives, which are specific requirements that a trainee must know or be capable of, once the program is completed. For instance, if an organization’s needs are assessed and found that its supervisors should learn more on performance management, then the training program should have the following outcomes: 1) Supervisors should know the company policy on performance management. 2) Supervisors should manage employee performance only according to the rules and procedures of the company. 3) Supervisors must conduct themselves with the legal limits when addressing performance management issues. When a training program is to designed, it is essential that all departments are involved in it with the training department (O’Connor, Bronner and Delaney, 2003). A wider representation and involvement is necessary as the training outcomes would virtually affect everyone in the organization. The design team should also be represented by members from HR and Legal Departments. Based on the identified needs and the training outcomes, the duration of the training program and the modules are planned. The training professional must ensure that the program activity incorporate good instructional and adult learning principles. The program should have various activities giving priority to group work and interaction than individual readings or lectures. The programs should reflect the organizational culture while being focused on individual learning. The design of the training program should have relevance to the experience and knowledge existing already with the participants. The program should stop once the required learning has been accomplished. Segmenting a designed program helps the training team and the participants to focus on packets of contents, one at a time, for more clarity. The program content may be divided into days, with each day divided into units and each unit divided into modules. The effectiveness of a training session can be evaluated by several parameters. The training can be said to be efficient and effective when it has achieved its objectives. The validity of the training is determined by ascertaining whether the training has been able to solve problems associated with output, service and outflow. The validity of the training program is also seen from the perspective of the participants, whether it has met their needs.   The training program is evaluated by measuring the overall cost benefit of the program while validation is the judgment of objectives achievement. Using a series of tests and assessments, internal validation can be carried out to ascertain whether the participants have acquired knowledge, skills or experienced attitude modification. Common measuring instruments are the opinion of the attendees, opinion of trainers, opinion of managers and opinion of peers and colleagues.   The knowledge gained by training can also assessed through oral, written, objective or practical tests. The skills acquired can be assessed by asking the trainee to demonstrate the skills with a checklist and without a checklist, before judges (Ramaswami, 1992). The checklist must reflect the actions or procedures required to be performed. The attitudes of trainees are measured by actual observation of behavior, by judges, or by an attitude scale for reference. Apart from the training imparted, it has been perceived that certain attributes of the trainer itself can contribute to the influence of the participants. When the trainer is prepared and confident, the participants are convinced and feel at ease. When the trainer is enthusiastic and purpose-oriented, the trainees become interested and get a clear objective. The responsibility and involvement in enhancing productivity has gradually shifted from the management level executives to the capable and knowledgeable workers. The management facilitates and encourages workers to work independently and determine ways of doing things in a better way. This approach is significantly different from its earlier approach of controlling and instructing workers. The management also wants its employees to share their knowledge and expertise with others so that the organization benefits from the new knowledge. With more work being automated, workers have to think of ways and techniques appropriate to the speed and requirements of the automated facility. Learning is necessary to realize and understand better, the ways to doing things that would benefit the customer. Learning is very different from training, which is imparting of skills required for a particular task or work requirement. Learning is an ongoing process, which doesn’t require exclusive sessions or classes; and is perhaps the heart of productive activity (Thite, 2004). Given the globalization and intense competition in the market place, a suitable idea from anyone is appreciated as long as it contributes to process improvement. Ideas even help transform organizations by breaking new grounds. People are encouraged to think of solutions and apply them to their daily work. Organizations need to realize the power of learning and benefit from it to successfully face global competition. REFERENCES Unionlearn.(2007) The role of trade unions in the formation and distribution of learning and skills, [Electronic Version] downloaded on 12th May, 2008 from http://www.unionlearn.org.uk/policy/learn-2042-f0.pdf ZeroMillion (2002). Employee training and Development [Electronic Version] downloaded on 13th May, 2008 from 4. Employee Training and Development McNamara C. (1997) Brief History of Management training and Development. [Electronic Version] downloaded on 13th May, 2008 from http://www.managementhelp.org/mgmt_dev/history/history.htm Atkinson P., (1998) Creating Culture Change; Strategies for Success, Jaico Publishing House O’Connor, Bronner and Delaney (2003) Training for Organizations, Thomson Learning, Singapore Ramaswami N, (1992) A Handbook of Training Development, T.R. Publications Lynton R.P, Pareek U., (2000) Training for Organizational Transformation Sage Publications    Harvard (2005), The Essentials of Managing Change and Transition. Publisher: Harvard Business School Press. Thite M., (2004). Managing People in the New Economy. Response Books. Sage Publication Saini D.S, Khan S.A., (2000), (Eds) Human Resource Management. Perspectives for the New Era, Publisher: Response Books, Year of publication 2000.